Mayapple :: Botany

mayapplePodophyllum peltatum is nearly commonly known as the mayapple, but in various regions it is also known as Devils apple, hogg apple, Indian apple, comprehensive sow, wild lemon, and Ameri git mandrake (though it should not be confused with true mandrake, Mandragora officinarum, an unrelated Old World plant whose grow boast been used through divulge history for medicines and potions). The plant gets its generic name from the Greek words podos and phyllon, meaning foot shaped leaves. Peltatum means shield-like.Mayapple is a good know rhizomatous herb that grows in gregarious groups in the oak-hickory forests all over the eastern United States and Southern Canada. The root is composed of legion(predicate) thick tubers, fastened together by fleshy fibres which spreads greatly underground, sending out many small fibers at the joints, which strike downward. The stems are solitary loosely branched, nonpareil to two feet high, crowned with two large, smooth leaves, stalked, peltate in the center like an umbrella the size of a human hand. It is sometimes called umbrella plant because the first sign of it in early spring is a short looking like a closed umbrella. Its composed of quintette to vii wedge shaped divisions some what lobed and toothed at the apex. It has a whitish nodding flowers with parts in whorls of three between palmately cleft peltated leaves, about two inches across. The plant flowers from March to May, and fruits ripen from May to August. When it falls off, the fruit then develops, swells to the size and shape of the common rosehip, being mavin to two inches long. It is yellow in color and is sweet, though slightly acidic. The leaves and roots are poisonous. The foliage and stems have been used as a pot-herb.The Mayapple loves attach to and can be found growing in warm, sheltered spots, such as partially shaded borders, woods, and marshes, liking a light, loamy soil. It requires no other cultivation than to be kept clear of weed s, and is so hardy as to be seldom injured by frost. Mayapple is an easy-to-grow perennial and can quickly labor out weaker plants. Large colonies develop from long, creeping rhizomes.The mayapple is perennial plant in the barberry family (Berberidaceae). The plants long, thin rhizome is the most poisonous part, but also the most utilizable (since the 1820s the plant has been recognized as being of medicinal value in the official U.S.A Pharmacopoeia) because it contains high concentrations of the compounds podophyllotoxin and alpha and beta peltatin, all of which have anti-cancer properties.Mayapple BotanyMayapplePodophyllum peltatum is most commonly known as the mayapple, but in various regions it is also known as Devils apple, hog apple, Indian apple, umbrella plant, wild lemon, and American mandrake (though it should not be confused with true mandrake, Mandragora officinarum, an unrelated Old World plant whose roots have been used throughout history for medicines and potions ). The plant gets its generic name from the Greek words podos and phyllon, meaning foot shaped leaves. Peltatum means shield-like.Mayapple is a well know rhizomatous herb that grows in gregarious groups in the oak-hickory forests all over the eastern United States and Southern Canada. The root is composed of many thick tubers, fastened together by fleshy fibres which spreads greatly underground, sending out many small fibers at the joints, which strike downward. The stems are solitary mostly branched, one to two feet high, crowned with two large, smooth leaves, stalked, peltate in the center like an umbrella the size of a human hand. It is sometimes called umbrella plant because the first sign of it in early spring is a short looking like a closed umbrella. Its composed of five to seven wedge shaped divisions some what lobed and toothed at the apex. It has a whitish nodding flowers with parts in whorls of three between palmately dissected peltated leaves, about two inches across. Th e plant flowers from March to May, and fruits ripen from May to August. When it falls off, the fruit then develops, swells to the size and shape of the common rosehip, being one to two inches long. It is yellow in color and is sweet, though slightly acidic. The leaves and roots are poisonous. The foliage and stems have been used as a pot-herb.The Mayapple loves company and can be found growing in warm, sheltered spots, such as partially shaded borders, woods, and marshes, liking a light, loamy soil. It requires no other culture than to be kept clear of weeds, and is so hardy as to be seldom injured by frost. Mayapple is an easy-to-grow perennial and can quickly crowd out weaker plants. Large colonies develop from long, creeping rhizomes.The mayapple is perennial plant in the barberry family (Berberidaceae). The plants long, thin rhizome is the most poisonous part, but also the most useful (since the 1820s the plant has been recognized as being of medicinal value in the official U.S. A Pharmacopoeia) because it contains high concentrations of the compounds podophyllotoxin and alpha and beta peltatin, all of which have anti-cancer properties.

Physics of Downhill Ski Racing Essay -- physics sport sports skiing

Gliding is the art of maintaining the flattest go in order to carry out the lowest possible friction. The forces associated with gliding are fairly straightforward gravity, friction, and air resistance. Air resistance has several inputs that add to the total resistive force. Friction is caused by the lack of a perfectly smooth surface between the skis and snow on a microscopic level. Think of it as the Rocky Mountain shed trying to slide over the Himalayas. On a microscopic level this is what friction is.Two factors contribute to the resistive frictional force a recipe force and the friction coefficient. The median(prenominal) force is the force holding the person up keeping them from falling towards the center of the earth. On level ground the normal force acts straight up against the accele balancen of gravity. On a flip, the normal force is equal to the force of gravity proportional to the cosine of the angle of the slope to horizontal. This portion of gravity attempts to accelerate the person toward the center of the earth, the normal force resists this acceleration. The remaining component of gravity accelerates the body down the hill parallel to the slope, a linear acceleration.It is the coefficient of friction that speed skiers and racers try to reduce to a minimum. The normal force is a constant since it is related to their body weight, which does not change during the route of the race. The coefficient of friction is already reduced from everyday levels because of the snow, but it is the goal of racers to reduce this to an absolute minimum to maximize speed.The coefficient of friction is a unit less ratio of the force of friction to the normal force. The real value for the coefficient is often determined experimentally.... ...and the force normal to the shear plane. These two forces again result in the alike resultant force but are rotated into the shear plane. The angle of rotation into the shear plane is phi in above second diagram. Phi is the edge angle minus the angle in the triangle of the normal force(N) and the friction force(F) on the ski divided by 2. This can be seen in the first diagram. The inward-moving force can be found using the above equations in the second diagramFc=Fs*cos(phi)+Fn*sin(phi)Fn=Fs/tan(O-b-F)The Fc is the failing point at which the racer begins to slide the ski and lose speed. When a racer does balance the speed, radius, and other factors to maximize the centripetal force and acceleration, up to 2.5 Gs of acceleration can be achieved. Downhill ski hasten is a ballet and balancing act of the laws of physics to be the fastest person down the hill.

Free Merchant of Venice Essays: Anti-Semitism :: Merchant Venice Essays

Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice Though many scenery Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice as antisemitic, circumspect examination shows that the playwright actually develops the opposing point of view. These views can be easily established through a careful reading of the plays dialogue, character comparisons, and more subtly through indirect thematic developments by the playwright showing that on both simple and complex levels, Shakespeare attacks the anti-Semitic attitude that has been prevalent in society for centuries. The words of the play actually challenge anti-Semitism. In one of his most eloquent moments Shylock addresses this prejudice when he verbalizes the equality of all men in Act III, Scene 1. He Antonio hath disgracd men, and hinderd me half a million pranked at my losses, mockd at my gains, scornd my nation, thwarted my bargains, coold my friends, heated my enemies and whats his causal agency? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, org ans, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heald by the same means, warmd and coold by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? The revenge motif in the play stems from the undeserved ill treatment world-class of Shylock by Antonio and then Antonio by Shylock. On simple levels Shakespeare shows bigotry and prejudice in all its ugliness through the use of anti-Semitic attitudes. Shakespeare dispels the premise of anti-Semitism by establishing marked similarities between Shylock and his antagonists in the play. Antonio and Shylock are both business men intent on making bills who have allowed this pursuit to become their entire focus. In the cited speech, Shylock indicates his hatred is born of the hatred shown towards him by others (particularly Antonio). Since there is no sound justification for Antonios attitudes, he serves as a vehicle for establishing the hollowness of prejudice formed without basis. This is reasonably obvious even to the casual reader. In a more subtle mien Shakespeare, through the use of the caskets, presents a truism with regard to the contrasts between outward appearances and inner reality leading to the prevailing idea that one must weigh beyond the surface.

Connecting The Tempest, Of Cannibals, Eating Gifted Children, and Modest Proposal :: Tempest essays

Connection Between The Tempest, Of Cannibals, Eating Gifted Children, and   unassuming Proposal   there are several, in-depth communitys presented in The Tempest by William Shakespeare, Of Cannibals by Michel de Montaigne, How to Raise Your I.Q. by Eating Gifted Children by Lewis Frumkes, and A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift. trance all these stories feature civilization and the uncivilized coming into contact with one another, perhaps for the first time, they also feature a deeper connection. They feature a connection to each other that strikes to the very heart and structure of our civilizations today-just as it did when these works were written. That connection is the idea that the noble savage (if there is such a thing) is revolt at what we call civilization because of how unjust, uncaring, and unkind we are to one another. The works point out how the savage perhaps is just the innocent and we are the ones who ought to be called savages-not because of what our cu lture does, but what it does not do.   We do not burster for one another in todays society. The culture weve built ourselves is one where each man strives for his own good. Each person cares and looks out for Number One. In the end, as stated by the savages in Montaignes essay, rich people can live in prodigality on the same street where poverty takes lives. In todays society of computerized and/or instant everything, we look about at the social troubles that plague us and adjudicate solutions similar to those we implement for mechanical problems. People who write laws do not care for the people they govern from the heart, but rather from the wallet. We implement measures that are firm fixes. They fix the immediate problem at hand or in the publics eye because thats what will get the politician re-elected. The very structure of our social care system is a laughable joke.   As Lewis Frumkes and Jonathan Swift point out in their respective satires, How to Raise Your I.Q. by Eating Gifted Children and A Modest Proposal, this society is one which looks for quickie solutions to every surface problem without actually looking into the causes. What Frumkes and Swift propose are not so farthermost off from the grossness which we ourselves would propose to deal with our social-economic problems. Do we not practice the eating of children for our individual gain in all but the literal virtuoso?

How Human Centric Computing Affects the Economy :: Essays Papers

How Human Centric Computing Affects the Economy Our economy was taken by storm when the world of computers was introduced to large companies and businesses. It was same an unstoppable trend that everyone had to follow. If a company chose not to bring in mass computers for all employees, they lagged behind and were forgotten. The economy is about to experience a brisk wave of change. Human centric computing is on the verge of breaking out into the light. As of right now human centric computing lurks in the shadows, just waiting to be introduced to businesses, to governments, to our silicone valley, and tons of other related things. Human centric computing leave alone allow people to interact with their computers more than than use them. Instead of having to read instructions and other time wasting tasks, human centric computing will allow you to talk to your computer. All of your questions will be answered by talking to your computer and having it talk back to you. Instead of sorting through your computer searching for a file, wouldnt it be sharp if you just asked your computer to find it, and it was found? Human centric computing is also about having computers skip steps for you. Instead of having to deal with B and C, it is fundamentally going from A to D. When using a computer these days, it can become frustrating and stressful when computers regularly crash on you. This new improvement to computers supposedly will end the horrid of most the crashes people experience. Whenever you go to the bank to make a transaction, you make sure its during open hours, you fill out a form pertaining to your objective, and wait in a long line. Human centric computing, in the future, should eliminate all this clutter and save a priceless hail of time. After planning a trip to a distant land, you counterbalance need to buy plane tickets, reserve a hotel room, and maybe research the atomic number 18a. If you are a businessperson working the heart of New York, you have absolutely no time to do all this. But if you asked your computer, I need the first available plane ticket to Taiwan on November 23, the time, a hotel, ECT.

Christopher Columbus a Hero?

In the 1500s, people were curious about the world and wanted to recruit so they explored, the explorers who discovered different things were regarded as heros but even though Christopher capital of Ohio found America, he was no hero. Christopher Columbus unexpectedly discovered America, when he landed in the Caribbean Islands, while looking for a direct sea route to Asia. Columbus was a selfish and untrustworthy existence but was given honor. He was the cause of slavery, oppression, and mass genocide in the Americas and Africa.Obviously, Columbus was not a hero but the exact opposite. The first feature about Columbus being a villain is that he deculturalized people. When Columbus met the Tainos in North America, he wanted to make them just like Europeans, he was trying to make them all Christian. He forced them to find gold where there was n angiotensin-converting enzyme, and if they did not find any Columbus would kill them. Columbus likewise forced the natives to become slaves , most of the natives died on their way to Spain. Columbus and his men threw natives corpses over the side of the boat and into the ocean.The natives that did not become slaves worked on plantations or mines where they as well as would die from the hard working conditions. After they greeted the Europeans to their land with open arms, they were thrown aside like animals. Another important fact that makes Columbus not a hero is lying. Columbus lied to the queen about the explored island, He said that theres a lot of gold and spices, and people there would share anything with any superstar. Columbus also lied that he reached Asia, which was his destination spot and then insisted that he discovered this land when the Taino were found their.He said all those things to make the queen bank that hes a good man and to save himself from the death. This doesnt only make him a liar but it also makes him selfish, he even took the prize of reaching the Bahamas from one of his crew mates in or der to pay off a debt. The worst thing that Columbus did to gain a bad character learn is genocide. When Columbus went to America second time, he brought a lot of Indians back with him to make them slaves to work for his queen.A lot of people died on the way to Columbuss country, and others were demise because they worked hard as slaves in mines and fields, which were hard and dangerous, or they wee sick with a disease, but he wasnt the cause of not just one genocide but two. The African Americans were mistreated just as much if not worse, his reason for this was a shortage of Indian slaves. He enslaved these people subsequently they were betrayed by their own and trade for guns. There were many deaths and the lives of the Africans were beyond comprehension and this was all thank to Christopher Columbus.Without a doubt, Columbus was a terrible man and doesnt deserve the recognition of a hero but a villain. An entire culture was ruined when it has been alive for maybe hundreds of years before Columbus arrived. Columbus betrayed his crew and the native after they were being kind and generous to him, just to cover for the lies he told. The Natives and Africans were killed, raped, and enslaved all because Columbus. Many men and women are thought of as hero and they do this by accomplishing something for the greater good of people but this is the opposite of what he has done.

Inspire to educate Essay

Education is an avenue that en equal to(p)s the production of individuals who knows the proper way to live, learn and work together for the macrocosm of a strong community. Each and every child deserves the chance to be educated. Such learning must be the kind that involves challenges and stimulates them to achieve their maximum potential. On the Importance of Education The enormousness of instruction is quite clear. Education is the knowledge of putting ones potentials to maximum use. One can safely enounce that a human being is not in the proper sense till he is educated. This importance of education is basically for two reasons.The first is that the study of a human mind is not complete without education. Education pee-pees man a right thinker. It tells man how to think and how to make decisions. The second reason for the importance of education is that and through the attainment of education, man is enabled to receive information from the external world to acquaint himself with past history and receive all requisite information regarding the present. Without education, man is as though in a closed room and with education he finds himself in a room with all its windows pass towards the outside world (Khan, 2007).Education has an immense impact on the human company. One can safely assume that a person is not in the proper sense till he is educated. It trains the human mind to think the right decisions. In other words, man becomes rational when he is educated. It is through education that knowledge and information is received and spread throughout the world. An educated person cannot read and write and hence he is closed to all the knowledge and comprehension he can gain through books and other mediums. In other words, he is shut off from the outside world.In contrast, an educated man lives in a room with all its windows open towards the outside world. The quality of human resource of a nation is easily judged by the number of literate masses livin g in it. This is to say that education is a must if a nation aspires to achieve growth and development and more importantly sustain it. This whitethorn well explain the fact that rich and developed nations of the world involve very high literacy rate and productive human resource. In fact these nations have started imparting selective training and education programs so as to meet the new technical and business demands of the 21st century.Keeping the importance of education in mind, the US Department of Education aims to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. It also establishes policies regarding federal financial aid for education, and distributing as well as monitoring those funds. It also continuously strives to focus national attention on key educational issues and providing equal access to education. The importance of education cannot be neglected by any nation.And in todays world, the role of education has become redden more vital. It is an absolute necessity for economic and social development of any nation (Goel, 2007). Inspiring Children to Learn At one of their forums organized by the Walden University entitle M. S. In Education Teaching in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms, the speakers addressed the issue on how to be able to inspire the children to learn, especially the ones who collectable to their culture are not supported by their family to succeed in their education.This is what they have to say Set and environment where they choose to become inspired, where the students choose to make the decision. Many families who are from ethnic minorities are not plenty who have traditionally been successful in school. You need to initiate the phone call to the parents on a consistent basis and let them know how important they are to their childrens education. Do it in ways that are consistent and that show people you care. This is an idea th at transcends culture. A mothers love for a child transcends culture.If you can get through to the mother, thats what transcends. You can really be eminent of knowing that you have changed a life. I have never met a parent who wasnt interested in his or her child doing well in school. Dont think you can motivate people. You set an environment where people elect to be motivated and ultimately empowered. Its a choice that people make and that sets them up for success. Dont give up on anyone. Understand peoples prior knowledge of schools, where they came from. Give them a message of hope and inclusion. Dont give up and dont try to motivate.Set this environment, and youll meet with unexpected success (Walden 2006). The need for much(prenominal) environment has never been so great. As educators, we need to trace the path that realizes the many needs of our children. Weve come to the realization that we cannot do it alone. We need the role of the parents as part of the team. This invol vement nonetheless affirms the role of the parents as primary stakeholders in their childrens future, particularly in education. A team whose aim is to be able to provide for our children a great investment that they made be able to reach their true promise.This teamwork is headed to achieve an increased engagement in the advocacy of parents on behalf of their childrens opportunities in learning. We are after molding fully developed citizens who will do good things to their community in return. Academic achievements are only a bonus and not an end in itself. The realization of the importance of education forbids us to deny our children the ability to achieve their fullest promises. Through this light, we cannot deny our society the benefits of our childrens untapped talents.References Alrisala Organization. (2007). The Importance of Education.Retrieved December 8, 2007 from www. alrisala. org/Articles/mailing_list/importance_of_education. html. SearchWarp. com. (2007, July 6). The I mportance of Education. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http//searchwarp. com/swa230219. html. Results for America. (2007). Learn More About Education.Retrieved December 7, 2007 from http//www. resultsforamerica. org/education/learn. php. Walden University. (2006, June 6). M. S. in Education Teaching in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms. Retrieved December 6, 2007 from www. waldenu. edu/c/Files/DocsSOE/Q-a_Ed_DiverseClassrooms. doc.

Project Management Essay

1. Discuss why many information technology professionals may everywherelook project represent management and how this might affect complemental projects within compute.Information technology professionals do not understand basic accounting and finance principles to be able to do a net infix value analysis return on investment and payback analysis. It should also be considered that new technologies or software development expenses are very inaccurate as it is hard to put a figure on something has not been developed. The problems they face may be they estimate too quickly, do not accommodate the estimating experience, may be biased towards underestimating and management may require more accuracy. The book states that IT professionals understand the value of a balanced portfolio aligned with business objectives that lack a well-defined and consistent process for managing the origination, evaluation and execution of IT investments. As far as contemplating projects with budgets it would not be an accurate estimate of cost unless all the stakeholders are involved to make these determinations.4. Explain what happens during the process to determine the project budget.A project budget involves allocating cost estimates to individual work over the time of the project and is based on the WBS. The budget is determined using the cost estimates, basis of estimates, scope baseline, schedule, resource calendar, contracts and organizational process assets. The main stopping point is cost budgeting which creates a cost baseline for measuring movement and funding requirement and taking into consideration document updates. It is also important to understand how the bon ton operates so the budget is created appropriately.6. What is project portfolio management? Can project managers use it with earned value management?Project portfolio management allows organizations to collect and control an correct suite of projects or investments as on set of interrelated activities. P roject managers can use it with earned value management as it is a performance measurement technique that let them know how well the project is meeting scope, time and cost goals by entering actual information and then equivalence it to a baseline.7. Describe several types of software that project managers can use to support project cost management.Spreadsheets are a common tool apply for cost estimating, budgeting and control. Microsoft Project is a project management software that allows for the following to be created such as cash flow, budgets, over budget tasks, over budget resources and earned value reports. Some project managers simply use the companys accounting software and spreadsheets to receive more flexibility. They have also learnt to connect their accounting software to the project management software for more accurate information.

Theatre of the Absurd

THE THEATRE OF THE ABSURD The dictionary meaning of the word ill-judged is unreasonable, ridiculous or funny. just now it is used in a slightly different sense when we speak of the playing field of the erroneous, or more commonly dwelln now-a-days as sloshed free rein. The phrase The study of the Absurd was coined by the critic Martin Esslin, who do it the title of his book on the same subject, published in 1961. Esslin points out in this book that thither is no such thing as a regular movement of Absurd Dramatists. The term was useful as a device to make certain common cardinal traits that were present in the works of a number of sporttists.Esslin saw in the works of these playwrights as artistic co-relation to Albert Camus philosophy that lifetime is inherently without meaning as is described in his work The Myth of Sisyphus. In this essay Camus has described the situation of the hu macrocosm beings as one out of concurrence with its surroundings. The Theatre of th e Absurd, today, empenn get along with be considered as a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, and also, along with that, to the style and form of theatre which has evolved from their work.A short but true story narrated in the beginning of Martin Esslins book The Theatre of the Absurd provides the stovepipe commentary on the signifi abidece of the Absurd, and also helps in seeing the hu cosmos values of Samuel Becketts play delay for Godot, which is famous as an Absurd Drama par excellence. This is the story as told by Mr. Esslin On 19th November 1957, a group of worried actors were preparing to count their audience. The actors were members of the compevery of the San Francisco Actors workshop.The audience consisted of fourteen hundred convicts at the San Quentin penitentiary. The curtain parted. The play began. And what had bewildered the sophisticated audiences of Paris, London, and New Yor k, was immediately grasped by an audience of convicts The trio of muscle men, biceps overflowing. lay all 642 lbs on the aisle and waited for the girls and funny stuff. When this didnt appear they audibly fumed and audibly decided to wait until the house lights dimmed before escaping. They made one error. They listened and looked dickens minutes too-long-and stayed. Left at the end.All agitate. A reporter from the San Francisco Chronicle who was present noted that the convicts did not find it difficult to understand the play. One prisoner told him Godot is Society. Said another Hes the outside. A teacher at the prison was quoted as saying They know what is meant by waiting. and they know if Godot finally came he would only be a disappointment. This story is helpful in understanding the genre of the Absurd. Playwrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett from Ireland, Eugene Ionesco from Rumania, Jean Genet from France and Harold Pinter of Gr eat Britain.The Absurd in their plays takes the form of mans reply to a mankind app bently without meaning, or man as a puppet that is controlled or threatened by an invisible outside force. Though the term is applied to a wide rank of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays. For instance broad comedy is mixed with tragic images where the characters are caught in hopeless situations and are forced to do repetitive or meaningless action. Even the dialogues are full of specialized jargons, and wordplays and cliches and even nonsense. Even the plots are mostly cyclical or absurdly expansive.Regarding the story, it is every a parody or a dismissal of realism. The Theatre of the Absurd is commonly associated with Existentialism, and Existentialism was an influential philosophy in Paris during the rise of the Absurd Theatre. However, it is not exactly correct. Historically Existentialism grew with the nineteenth century writings of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard. On readi ng Nietzsches Zarathustra published in 1883, the readers come across a startling phrase that God is dead According to Esslin, since then for many more people, God has died.He says And so after two terrible wars, there are still many who are trying to come to terms with the implication of Zarathustras message searching for a way in which they can with dignity, confront a universe, deprived of what was once its centre and its living purpose, a world deprived of a generally accepted integrating principle, which has become frustrated and purposeless. The Theatre of the Absurd is one of the expressions of this search it seeks to re-establish an awareness of mans situation when confronted with the ultimate cosmos of his condition. For the people, in between the two World Wars, the world seemed to be falling apart. Disintegration of the society, the menace of the unknown and utter loneliness of man, all this and many more made human beings look upon life as useless and futile. The world had become a place where man continues to waste, and pine and, and degenerate. In Samuel Becketts play, Waiting for Godot, the situation of man in this universe is summarized by Pozzos outburst in the second act of the play One day we were born, one day we shall die, the same day, the same second, is that not enough.They give throw astride of a grave, the light gleams an instant, then its night once more. A most poignant image of death comes out in these lines. Esslin feels that in Becketts plays physical nature follows its own cycle, birth growth degeneration decay and death. Seasons follow each other but there is hardly any escape The origin of the Theatre of the Absurd is rooted in the new pioneering experiments in the art of the 1920s and 1930s. The aim of these experiments was to do away with art as a mere imitation of appearances.It was after the First World War that German Expressionism attempted to project the inner realities and also tried to objectify thoughts and fee lings. At the same time, the Theatre of the Absurd was also strongly influenced by the traumatic experience of the horrors of the Second World War, which showed the total impermanence of any values and shook the validity of long time held conventions. It also highlighted the precariousness of human life and also its fundamental meaninglessness and unpredictability.The trauma of living from 1945, under the threat of atomic annihilation also seems to spend a penny been an important factor in the rise of this new theatre. At the same time, the Theatre of the Absurd also seems to cause been the reaction to the disappearance of the religious dimensions from contemporary life. Absurd Theatre hopes to achieve this by shocking man out of an existence that has become overused, mechanical and self satisfying. It aims to scratch line the viewer, shake him out of this comfortable conventional life of everyday concerns.The Theatre of the Absurd highlights mans fundamental bewilderment and co nfusion originating from the fact that man has no answers to the basic existential questions like why we are alive, why we have to die, why there is injustice and suffering. Playwrights share the view that man is inhabiting a universe with which he is out of key. Its meaning is indecipherable and his place within it is without purpose. He is bewildered, troubled and maybe even obscurely threatened. Mans disaster is that he is not aware of his problem. Man is always trying to seek some purpose in life by getting involved in trivialities and superficial pursuits.This is one reason why tragedy and farce are closely interlinked in the Theatre oh the Absurd. Even at the moment of the tragic approaching in Waiting for Godot, farce enters the moment. Estragons trousers fall in attempting suicide and the chord breaks, when thy try its strength, making Estragon and Vladimir almost fall. The comedy here illustrates their lifes hopelessness and the futility of all their efforts to end them. T he perfect statement of the philosophy of the Theatre of the Absurd as defined by Martin Esslin, is in which the world is seen as a hall of reflecting mirrors, and Reality merges gradually into fantasy.If God is dead, then surely the Theatre of the Absurd is looking for an alternative spiritual goal, i. e. making man aware of his lost moorings and trying to make him feel what he has to regain. Plays within this group are absurd in that they focus not on reasonable acts or realistic occurrences or even handed-down character development. They instead focus on human beings trapped in an incomprehensible world facing incidents which are illogical. Mainly the theme of incomprehensibility is coupled with the inadequacy of language. Basically there is no story, no dramatic conflict and nothing really ever happens. loosely there is repetitive action and circular arrangement of events. Devaluation of language is also an important trait of the Absurd Drama. Esslin says that Absurdism is th e inevitable devaluation of ideals, purity and purpose. Absurdist drama asks its viewers to cod his own conclusions and make his own errors. Though Theatre of the Absurd may be seen as nonsense, they have something to say and can be understood. Even regarding plots, traditional plot structures are rarely considered as good plots in the Theatre of the Absurd. Plots unremarkably consist of Absurd repetition of action as in Waiting for Godot or The Bald Soprano.Often there is an outside force that remains a closed book like in The Birthday Party or A Delicate Balance. Absence, emptiness, nothingness and unresolved mysteries are central features in many Absurdist plots, for example, in The Chairs an old couple welcomes a large number of guests to their home, but these guests are invisible so all we see is empty chairs, representing their absence. Another example is where the action of Waiting for Godot is centered on the absence of a man named Godot, for whom the two characters keep waiting till the end of the play. Plots are also cyclical like in Endgame, it begins where the play ended in the beginning.One of the important aspects of Absurd Drama was its distrust of language as a means of communication. During those times language had become a vehicle for conventionalised, sort meaningless exchanges. Words usually failed to express the fundamental nature of human experience because it was not able to penetrate beyond its surface. So the playwrights of the Absurd Theatre constituted first and inaugural an ons jestt on language, showing it as a very unreliable and insufficient tool of communication. During those times language had become a vehicle for conventionalized, stereotyped meaningless exchanges.Words usually failed to express the fundamental nature of human experience because it was not able to penetrate beyond its surface. So the playwrights of the Absurd Theatre constituted first and foremost an onslaught on language, showing it as a very unreliable and insufficient tool of communication. Absurd Drama uses conventionalized speeches, cliches, slogans and technical jargons, which it distorts and breaks down. It is by ridiculing the conventionalized and stereotyped speech, that Absurd Theatre tries to make people aware of the possibility of going beyond everyday speeches and communicating more authentically.The theme of the Absurd play is the purposelessness of human life. Albert Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus has described the situation of human beings as one out of harmony with its surroundings. The Theatre of the Absurd is one of the ways of facing the life that has lost its meaning and purpose. As such, it fulfils a double section. Its first and more obvious role is satirical where it criticizes a society that is petty, superficial and dishonest. Its second and more positive aspect is that it highlights the basic absurdity of the human situation.It showcases the condition of human beings in a world in which man has lost all his faith. Here he is presented in his basic situation where he is left with no choice and urgently searches some refuge or heaven. Such a play produces the effects of alienation. We find it very difficult to identify ourselves with the characters in the Absurd Drama. Even though their situation is very painful and violent, they are presented to us in such a way that we tend to laugh at them and their condition and behavior. Esslin feels that this kind of drama speaks mostly to the deeper level of the audiences mind.In a way it challenges the audience to make sense of the nonsense. It urges them to face the situation consciously and along with that, to laugh at this fundamental absurdity of such situations. So, the dominating theme of the absurd playwrights is mans loneliness, despair, and desperation when he finds that his faith in God is declining. In all the writers of the Absurd Drama, the common traits are usually the devaluation of language, absence of characterizatio n and motivation and search for meaning in a basically absurd situation.But each of them has his own style of presenting these traits. For example Ionesco presents absurdism through hilarious and outrageous farce. In Becketts works, absurdism is presented by depicting a world which is devoid of God, where life is full of anguish and despair. In the plays of Harold Pinter menace and terror surrounds people. His plays, famous as comedy of menace, are basically funny up to a point. The most impress thing about plays of this group is that in spite of their breaking of the rules, they are very successful.In his book, The Theatre of the Absurd, Esslin says, If a good play must have a clearly constructed story, these have no story to speak of if a good play is judged by subtlety of characterization and motivation, these are often without recognisable characters and present the audience with almost mechanical puppets if a good play has to have a fully explained theme, which is neatly expos ed and finally solved, these often have neither a beginning nor an end if a good play is to hold the mirror up to nature and portray the manners and mannerism of the age in finely observed sketches, these seem often to be reflections of dreams and nightmares if a good play relies on witty repartee and pointed dialogue, these often consist of confused babblings. To conclude, the Theatre of the Absurd presents anxiety, despair and a sense of loss at the disappearance of solutions and the illusions of life. Now facing all this means that we are facing reality itself. Thus, is can be said that Absurd Drama becomes a kind of a modern mystical experience. It aims to shock its audience out of complacency, to bring it face to face with the harsh facts of the human situations as the writers see it.It becomes a kind of a challenge to accept the human condition as it is, with all its mystery and absurdity, and to bear it with dignity, because there are no solutions to the mysteries of existe nce. That is because ultimately man is alone in this meaningless world. To accept all this freely and without fear may be painful, but doing so brings a sense of freedom and relief. And that is why we say that the Theatre of the Absurd does not provoke tears of despair but the jest of liberation. Bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES 1. Martin Esslin, The Theatre of the Absurd SECONDARY SOURCES 1. Martin Esslin, Introductin to The Theatre of the Absurd 2. Arnold P. Hinchliffe, The Absurd 3. Ronald Gaskell, Drama and Reality 4. Eva Metman, Reflections on Becketts Plays

Grotowski

Drama Essay How theatre is made provoke by the centering it is arranged is by using a variety of techniques to intrigue viewers and listening members from just a platform stage and some actors to something unique and interesting. Grotowski examined to be interesting it did not need lighting, effects, costumes, makeup, prop, costumes or scenery. This was regarded as poor theatre as funding was barely needed and stuck to its name still today.The minimal practice of props meant that the same prop could be used as many different things He also encouraged the use of melody especi ally ritual music because it was successful in affecting the audience is different ways. Another technique Grotowski and Artaud taught his actors to portray real emotions to their scene as opposed to pretending. In my performance we created a series of small scenes directed and played like a poor theatre play would have been in Artaud and Grotowski time. Using the techniques learned in clique of Artaud a nd Grotowski.Our scene developed through the idea of the word causality trying to deliver a message to the audience. The several little scenes we developed with smooth proceeding in between them without lights on /lights off like Growtaski did between his scenes. In each scene portraying the different aspects of power. In positive ways and invalidating ways. We did not wear costumes as we were playing many different characters in a short period of time and costume change would of taken to dogged as we were on stage at all time like Artaud actors where. So we simply wore black clothing to make us neutral and easier to believe the character we were representing.To come up with the our theme of power our teacher made us create a mind map of the Phrase back in the day and bounce off ideas of what it meant to us. We use this phrase for our first scene which had no script. We took the characters of apes in a time before humans and showed how power and restraint existed before human ti me. Having the use of no costumes, no stage props and no custom lighting. The audience focus is directed all towards the actors. So it is all through the actors that the audience can understand the play and believe it the way we want them to. We used one prop that had no use or content by itself until it was used.A fabricated simple ball that we used differently in every scene. We did not want to show a clear description of the fair game and wanted to let the audience imagine what it is for themself. For example in the first scene we made the audience believe the object was just a fundamental and important item to the apes and they could then imagine what the item was themself, Each ape wanted to hold on to the item and the ape holding the object would of had power over the others. The item was then transform as a microphone in the scene of a president speech and then transform over again as illegal drugs to be then used into a fashion statement in the end.Why Artaud and Growtas ki techniques of staging were successful was the involvement of the audience. The people coming to see the play where part of the performance and where all on their toes not knowing was going to come at them. Our group goal in involving the audience was to bewilderment them in every way we could. The scene opened with one of our member Connor in the character of an ape playing with the object while audience direction was drawn to him they did not expect the two other apes sneaking up behind them to sniff them pull their hair and reowr at them. This was successful as we created surprisal and laughter.The audience where sited towards the stage with a gap in the middle to make our new entrances. How to interact with the audience are not only the actors coming to audience but the audience on stage. We even dragged audience members on stage to be pretend slapped and humiliated in not a mean way and of course we did not hurt the audience in anyway. In conclusion even though poor theatre is harder for the actors to portray a character without the use of a costume, props, lighting or stage design. This raw theatre is easily just as entertaining for an audience through the way it is created.

Intangible Asset Essay

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to examine several issues when relations with impalpable pluss. By means secondary look into, relevant evidence from m each sources was selected, evaluated and organized into three main points, which are interrogation and development cost, brand paygrade and the pretend of nonephysical summation in pecuniary instruction in relation with merchandise and book quantify. The evidence includes statistical data and expert opinion. The research results that intangible assets give a signifi squeeze outt impact to the ac come with if they are not measuring appropriately found on the accounting standards. Based on these findings, it is argued that intangible asset would affect companys surgical operation if there are misjudgments in the valuing of these assets.IntroductionFinancial statement has a signifi squirtt affair in businesses system in due to transparency of companys financial position in the businesses environment. The purpose o f financial report is to give beta breeding about any changes in companys performance that is useful for a wide range of users in do decision making in night club to make investment in that concomitant company. jibe to FASB that is stated in Canibano, Garcia-Ayuso, & Sanchez (2000, p.102), financial statement should provide a useful information that leave alone benefit to any potential investors and creditors to make further investment, credit and similar decision. Therefore, any event that will affect companys performance either present or future should be presented in this annual report. During last 20 years, expansion in technology, economic system and people knowledge check brought many changes in businesses environment which increase the use of media due to to a greater extent competition amidst companies and companys feasibility in the future. payable all these changes as stated in Canibano, Garcia-Ayuso, & Sanchez (2000, p.102) the resource of wealth and future econ omic benefit is not from material production or tangible asset but from investing and management of intangible asset. As defined in paragraph 8 of AASB 138 that is noted in Picker et al (2006, p. 313) intangible asset is an identifiable non monetary asset without physical substance. There are two main forms of intangible asset, first legal intangible such as trademark, patent, brandand other thing that defendable in the court and the second one is competitive intangible such as knowledge activities and other activities that have a direct impact and effectiveness to companys performance (Wikipedia, 2010, accessed 15/05/10). impalpable asset is one of accounts that should present in the financial statement this is however, by putting intangible assets in the financial statement, this report would be less informative because they raise the difficulties of estimation of market take to be and book value which can affect the companys performance. It can be argued that there are some issu es that arise when dealing with internally generated assets. Therefore, in this essay the beginning will discuss possible issues that can arise in intangible asset such as research and development cost, brand valuation and the risk of intangible assets in financial report in relation with market and book value.R&D costIn order to expand intangible asset, companies need to spend more money in research and development (R&D) due to market competition to get more profit. This expense is relatively valuable and continuous until the firms can find a new finding in intangible asset that can improve companys performance. This statement is beef up by Canibano, Garcia-Ayuso, & Sanchez (2000, pp.108-109) argument which states that between R&D and future economic benefit had not been confirmed thoroughly because there were no confirmation that can be found in relation with expanding research and development a new product can function future improvement in the companys performance. Changes i n the R&D can cause a divergences between profit each year and also enlarge the difference between cash flow that is actually generated by firms and profit that is stated in financial statement because a new product of the research is about to be commenced and generated revenue later (Wrigley, 2008, p.258).Furthermore, in determining research and development cost, this activity will lead to greater amount of expense in balance because when any spending for research incurred, it will be recorded as expense and it will affect companys performance which can be a huge disadvantages for companies. If there are more expense that company generates as a result of research and development in one accounting period, it will decrease value of profit which lead to a negative medical prognosis to investors because the investors will start to doubt with the companysperformance if they see more expenses than profit during the year. An example arises from Sigma Pharmaceuticals trammel (SIP) that was developing a new product that have a purpose to measure carbon gas emission in order safe the environment (Sigma Pharmaceuticals Limited 2009, p.5).Based on SIP summary of complex accounting policy, R&D cost would be capitalised if the research bring a future economic benefit or can be sold to other parties (Sigma Pharmaceuticals Limited 2009, p. 54). This means that SIP would spend a lot of money to make this research success and able to generate profit but it is more expense would be generated during this research that has possibility to undertake the profit in that year. Another significant example is from Rolls-Royce Company, in 1960s because of R&D expenditures Rolls-Royce Company couldnt make profit (Yardimcioglu 2008, p.91).This explanation can be conclude that even companies increase their research and development to find a new intangible asset such as patents that have expectation to bring more profit to the particular corporation, the firms lifelessness do not have c ontrol to this expectation because of uncertainty in the future economic benefit. It also gives negative impact to firms performance in investing activities because it will affect the investors confidence to put their investment in a particular companys.Brand valuationBrand valuation has appeared as issues that arise from measuring intangible asset in financial report of companies. This is because of the deficient of perceptive and evaluation from accounting standard in measuring brand in a firm that mostly lead to uncertainties between goodwill and other intangible assets. Brand can be defined as a unique symbol or trade mark that is used to identify goods and services other than from its competitors (Tollington, 1998, p.180). The problem that occurs from brand as intangible asset is from useful life of it because brand does not have a fixed life which can lead to misjudge of indefinite and definite life of other intangible asset (Seetharaman et al, 2001, p.247). Another problem th at arises from brand measurement is the difficulties of prediction in maintaining the value of brands in a period of time, for example, well known brand like Ferrari, Marlboro and Coca Cola mostly have a stable value if compare with disregarded brand that may have less value (Seetharaman et al, 2001, p.247).In the most case, it has been debated that the value of brand asset could be measuredappropriately because in order to evaluate brand value, the company will use relief from royalty. However, Royalty rate is not always available and often the rate used is based on the companys decision rather than reliable source in that particular company. If the royalty rate is too high, it could be destroy the companys profit that could earn (Sinclair & Keller, 2007, accessed 16/05/10).Risk in financial statement. intangible asset asset that takes a place in financial statement would acquire significant risk in relation with companys performance. This is because the values of intangible asse ts have not exhibited in the financial report due to neglect of measurement on intangible asset such as trademark, knowledge of employees and development of technology. An example of the risk that is reflecting the difficulties of measuring intangible asset value is from Nokia Corporation. According to the data from Yardimcioglu (2008, p.91), financial position that stated on financial statement in 1999 was US$11 billion of total asset, liabilities were US$5.3 billion and rest cost US$5.7. In 2000, Nokias market value was US$190 billion and made US$183 billion differences between book value and market value, and this differences arise because intangible asset that Nokia possessed. This difference should be stated in the financial statement, but after one year Nokias market value has decreased to US$97 billion and if the difference of market and book value was stated in the financial position, Nokia would lose profit by US$86 billion.Another example of the risk of intangible asset in financial statement is Rolls Royce Company this company has suffered a loss in 1960s that lead to serious financial issues because of transference of more sources to R&D process (Yardimcioglu, 2008, p.91). Based on these two examples, measuring intangible asset is quite difficult because ,,, it is impossible to supply the deficiency between book value and market value in consequence of taking the intangible assets into financial statements (Yardimcioglu, 2008, p.91). In conclusion, there are some issues that arise from valuing of intangible asset in a corporation.This issue is including uncertainty of research and development cost that still cannot be ascertained to make future economic benefits, brand valuation because inadequate measurement for this intangible assets and the risk of putting intangible asset in financial report. Companies should do some actions tosolve this problem that might be useful for companys management or even for investors who are willing to invest thei r money to the company. First, maximise the use of intellectual property by expanding only small proportion of patents. Second, introduce a new product to the market that will possibly generate an innovation and third, technologies involvement (Hand & Lev, 2003, pp. 511-512).ReferencesCanibano, L, Garcia-Ayuso & Sanchez, P 2000, Accounting for Intangible A Literature Review, Journal of Accounting Literature, vol.19, pp.102-130. Hand, J, R, M & Lev, B 2003, Intangible assets values, measures, and risks, Oxford University Press, London, accessed 14/05/2010, http//books.google.com.au/books?id=RmFLUk7NydQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intangible+assets&source=bl&ots=1QtSgbhUPK&sig=Nsy8mguyyw6tV8-FUAqpWi6pzVw&hl=en&ei=jNfsS96tM47U7APH_tiMBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBgv=onepage&q&f=false Picker, R, Leo, K, Alfredson, K, Pacter, P & Wise, V 2006, Australian Accounting Standards, John Wiley & Sons, Queensland, Austalia, Seetharaman, A, Azlan Bin Mohd Nadzir, Z & Gunalan , S 2001, A Conceptual Study on Brand Valuation, Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol.10, no.4, pp.243-256. Sigma Pharmaceuticals Limited 2009, Annual Report 2008-2009, accessed 14/05/2010, http//sigma.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au/Sigma0901/Annual%20Report/EN/body.aspx?z=1&p=-1&v=2&uid= Sinclair, R & Keller, K, L 2007, Determination of Fair lever of Intangible Assets for IFRS Reporting Purposes, International Valuation Standards Committee (IVSC), pp.1-6, accessed 14/05/2010, http//www.ivsc.org/pubs/comment/intangibleassets/06_keller.pdf Tollington, T 1998, Brands the asset definition and recognition test, Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 180-192. Wikipedia 2010, Intangible Asset, accessed 14/05/2010, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset Wrigley, J 2008, Discussion of What financial and non-financial information on intangibles is value-relevant? A review of the evidence, Accounting and Business Research, vol.38, no.3, pp.257-260. Yardimciogl u, M 2008, The Risk of Intangible

Marijuana Legalization Essay

Thesis Statement Although the States is the land of the free you do not really view as too m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) free choices you wad make. Americans should have the right to choose whether or not cannabis should be legal. II. BackgroundIII. The tax benefits that can be take a crapdA. If legalized they can tax it how ever much they wantB. Can be regulatedIV. Drug enforcement money can be diverted.A. Can help opposite imp all overished departments that lack money.B. Keep the court of justice system and jails less full for real criminals V. Its no more harmful then alcohol or baccyA. Must use it in moderation.B. If ab utilize it can cause health effects like anything els. VI. confuterVII. ConclusionMarijuana LegalizationAlthough America is the land of the free you do not really have too many free choices you can make. Americans should have the right to choose whether or not cannabis should be legal. The government should not be able to tell people what to do, as long as they do not hurt others in their actions. Three reasons why marijuana should be legalized argon taxation benefits, drug enforcement money can be diverted and utilized in other needy departments, and the drug generally isnt more harmful than alcohol or tobacco if used in moderation. In a study done these were the results of how many people die per year from each Tobacco- 400,000, alcohol- 100,000, all legal drugs- 20,000, all illegal drugs- 15,000, caffeine- 2,000, aspirin- 500, marijuana- 0 (us policy on drugs). BackgroundThe Marijuana, cannabis, or hemp seed down is one of the oldest psychoactive plants known to humanity. Cannabis has become one of the most widespread and diversified of plants (marijuana history and timeline). Cannabis or hemp plants are boastful throughout the world and develop into what we know as weed. 1915 1927 Cannabis begins to be prohibited for nonmedical use in the U.S., especially in SW statesCalifornia (1915), Texas (1919), lanthanum (1924), and New York (1927) (marijuana history and timeline). The U.S. government and the media began spreading outrageous lies about marijuana,which led to its prohibition (Amsterdam cannabis mystery). Since 1996, thirteen states have legalized medical marijuana use AK, CA, CO, HI, ME, MI, MT, NV, NM, OR, RI, VT, and WA. viii of the thirteen did so through the initiative process (Get the facts). The taxation benefits that the United States could receive from legalizing marijuana could be limitless. When something is in such a high necessity and the government regulates it they have the right to charge what ever they want for it intern giving them full control over the market. It works sort of like a monopoly because if the user cannot get in anywhere els then they only have one choice and thats the government.If you look at the current taxation benefits from tobacco and alcohol alone it just shows you how well they do. An enormous amount of money is raised through government taxation of alcohol, cigarettes, and other sins. The legalization of marijuana would create another item that could be taxed. Im sure the government would have no problem spending all that extra money (Should marijuana be legalized). Drug enforcement has become a bigger and bigger agency throughout the United States to try and stop drug trafficking. The U.S. federal government exhausted over $19 billion dollars in 2003 on the War on Drugs, at a rate of about $600 per second. The budget has since been increased by over a billion dollars (drug war clock). So it would be in a huge advantage for the governmental spending program if they didnt have to pull down as much money into the (DEA) every year.Therefore giving the government more money to spend on different governmental agencies that are in need of the extra cash flow. Not only would it give us more money for other departments but it would also keepare court systems less crowded and jails freer. Many consider the War onDrugs an expensive f ailure. Resources for DEA, FBI, and border security are only the tip of the iceberg. You must add in the cost of police officers, judges, public defenders, prosecutors, juries, court reporters, prison guards, and so on. Legalization of marijuana would free up those people to concentrate on more valuable things like terrorism, harder drugs, rape, murder, and so on (Should marijuana be legalized). Marijuana is proven not to be more harmful then tobacco, or alcohol if used with self-control. Most doctors would agree that its not very harmful if used in moderation.Its only when you abuse the drug that problems start to occur (Should marijuana be legalized). But isnt that true if you abuse anything problems start to occur? For example if alcohol, coffee, or food just to name a few are abused you could develop serious health conditions. But would you want the government to tell you how much food you could eat or how much alcohol you can consume when you go out? People should be able to m ake their own dictions when it comes to their health. So what makes marijuana any different from food, alcohol, or tobacco? RebuttalA general worry of government officials is how its legalization can lead to abuse and how many will suffer from the long-term effects of marijuana. Marijuana for certain can be misused, but in a country were alcohol and tobacco are legal resistance to legalizing marijuana is a bit of a contradiction. intoxicant and tobacco lead to millions ofdeaths in America .To be accurate with numbers over 100,000 die each year in the U.S. from alcohol, about 15,000 are caused by vehicle. Marijuana causing deaths are zero in its long history. Marijuana is less addictive than alcohol and easily treated if addiction does occur. Alcohol is hands down more dangerous out of these two drugs, its kind of backwards on the part of the government that marijuana is prohibited era alcohol is available to the population at large.It is clear to me that the legalization of marij uana would not only be good for people in distress from remainder illness but, also would help empty out local jails keeping room for more serious criminal offenders, saving money on the DEA programs and reservation more money obtainable for other governmentfunded program, and also the availability of all the tax benefits.Amsterdam cannabis mistry. CANNABIS/HEMP WAS LEGAL, WHY WAS IT out(p)?. 15 Apr 2009 . Drug War Clock. 15 Apr 2009. 15 Apr 2009 . Get the facts. medical marijuana. 15 Apr 2009 . Marijuana History and Timeline. 15 Apr 2009 . Should Marijuana be Legalized under any Circumstances?. April 7, 2008. 15 Apr 2009http//www.balancedpolitics.org/marijuana_legalization.htm The Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should Be Legal. alternet. September 1, 2007. 8 Apr 2009 http//www.alternet.org/drugreporter/60959/ us policies on drugs. legalization of marijuana. 13 Apr 2009 http//www.legalizationofmarijuana.com/index.html

Trifles: Murder and Mrs. Hale

Susan Glaspells one act symbolise Trifles is a sly tale which high blanks the means in which wo custody were dismissed in the early twentieth century and perhaps in some ways still today. Glaspell uses the scene of a terrible aversion to engage the audience and thence deliver her social message. This play is somely about the way in which wo custody in her day were ignored. The play takes place in a farm house in the Midwest during the present day, rough 1916. Mr. Henderson, a county attorney, and Mr.Peters, a sheriff, have come to the farm to investigate the strangling murder of prank Wright. One of John Wrights neighbors named Mr. compel discovered the body and found Mrs. Wright sitting d throwstairs acting in an grotesque manner. He has come to assist them with his testimony. Two wowork force accompany them, the sheriffs wife Mrs. Peters and the neighbors wife, Mrs. mash. As the play unfolds, the men remain baffled by the lack of any designate pointing directly to Ms. W right as the killer. The case will not be entirely resolved due to an app arnt lack of consequence of any need.The two male police detectives get out womens values and motivations in a disrespectful light as mere trifles and because of this attitude they fundamentally misunderstand the crime they are investigating and turn the two women into enemies who protect Mrs. Wright by fiddleing with the evidence. The men unwrap to canvass the household disarray as evidence. When introduction the home, the silly maintenance in the household is apparent to all cardinal characters in this play. The County Attorney exclaims, rotten towels Not such(prenominal) of a housekeeper, would you say ladies? (1114). The women defend Mrs.Wright. Mrs. Hale responds, Those towels get dirty awful quick. mens hands arent always as clean as they might be (1114). And after the men are out of earshot, Mrs. Hale is trigly identifying with Mrs. Wright when she complains Id hate to have men coming into my kitchen, snooping around and criticizing (1114). Although all four characters recognize that the house is not well kept, but only the women immediately understand that something was terribly wrong. The men go no further with their interpretation of what the women instantly recognize as signs of discord in the home.A primaeval parting of evidence in this play is a consolation that is being made by the suspect, Mrs. Wright, at the time of the murder. Upon inspecting Mrs. Wrights things, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters come crosswise an unfinished blow. It is Mrs. Hale who notices that the last section of the comforter is different. She points out to Mrs. Peters that the stitchery in most of the quilt is well-developed and carefully knitted. This is in sharp contrast to the most recent piece of quilt. This final section has misplaced stitches and the poor workmanship which would happen under a high degree of emotional distress. Mrs.Hale authoritativeizes this only mos after the county attorney complains about a missing piece of evidence explaining Its all perfectly clear except a reason for doing it. But you know juries when it comes to women. If on that point was some definite thing. Something to show something to make a story about a thing that would interrelate up with this strange way of doing it (1121). Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters realize that they are, in fact, looking at the exact evidence the county attorney had in mind. Mrs. Hale quietly undoes the stitching. Another critical piece of evidence is the knot stitching in the quilt.Early in the play, the sheriff scoffs at the silliness of women discussing the type of stitching used to construct a quilt in the middle of an important murder scene, exclaiming sarcastically, They wonder if she was press release to quilt it or besides knot it (1116). The point of view of the sheriff is clearly one in which he belittles female concerns over such a small detail when what he attends as a real conce rn, such as murder, is in interview. The sheriff and county attorney ultimately fail to realize, or even consider, the critical nature of this evidence.At the end of the play, the sheriff takes a moment to tease the women a bit more about this topic. His sarcastic question about the quilting mode is answered by a wicked pun from the author. Mrs. Hale explains that Mrs. Wright, instead of quilting it, was going to knot it ( 1121). Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters understand that this reference to a knot is in fact a direct reference to the way in which Mrs. Wright murdered her husband, by tying a knot around his neck and strangling him to death. She tie a knot in the quilt the same way she tied a knot around her husbands neck.The irony of this pun is that this very evidence, seen as laughable by the county attorney, is actually central to the murder of Mr. Wright. Although the knot is right in front of his face, he would not be able to see the meaning of it in a million years. The most o bvious piece of evidence missed by the male investigators is the singing bird. As the women are collecting clothing and items to bring to Mrs. Wright at the jail, they come across a bird coop. Three questions are immediately evident. First, why is there a bird batting cage but no bird?Second, what happened to the door of the bird cage? Of course, this leads to the third and final important question if the bird is missing, where is it? Within a few minutes, the women discover the fate of the bird. They find the favorite hidden outdoor(a) with great care. It is wrapped in silk inside Mrs. Wrights fanciest sewing box. Clearly this was a type of burial, a shrine to a beloved pet. The women make all of the central connections between the dead bird and the crime that the men are investigating. They immediately realize that the singing bird was Mrs.Wrights only companion. Mrs. Peters notes that the hinge on one side of the door has been ripped out and not fixed as if someone broke into the cage to kill the animal. They see clearly that the birds neck was broken and understand that this beloved pet was killed out of shear meanness by the overbearing soul-crushing Mr. Wright. Mrs. Peters volunteers a story about one of her own pets that was killed by boys that she knew when she was younger. They instantly understand that Mrs. Wright murdered her husband in retaliation for this brutal act.They see that this was the motive behind this murder. The bird in this play is a reminder of the care-free, singing, younger Minnie Foster who has now fail the lonely, miserable Mrs. Wright. Mrs. Hales recollections link the bird to Mrs. Wright. She explains to Mrs. Peters that when she was single years ago, Minnie Foster was well cognize in the community for being pretty, well dressed, and singing like a bird in the choir. Mrs. Hale observes, recalling Minnie Fosters singing, that he killed that too (1120).The central misunderstanding in this play is the male investigators inab ility to grasp the meaning of the readily available evidence. As the title suggests, the men see womens work and womens concerns as mere trifles. The men comment on the poor keep in the home but do not seem to understand why or how it is tie in to the murder they are investigating. The men fail to see why the bird cage is crucial evidence. The men investigating the crime make no effort to examine the quilting done by Mrs. Wright. The women, on the other hand, see all of these things in stark relief.They understand that the shabby condition of the home and the poor housekeeping criticized by the male investigators reflect the increasing alienation and despair of Mrs. Wright. The women instantly see the meaning of the quilt. They recognize the incriminating nature of the emotional distress reflected in the shoddy last section of the quilt. They in addition find the crucial evidence of the case by inspecting the sewing box. The women find the murdered bird. When they do, they immedi ately see that the bird is the lynch pin of the case. The bird is the motive.The bird explains, some(prenominal) in terms of meaning and in the reality of its broken neck, what actually happened to John Wright. He murdered the bird, so she murdered him The blindness of the men to the nature of the crime and their condescension to Mrs. Wright emboldens the women at the scene to destroy evidence. Both Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters make it clear that they blame themselves for having been poor friends to Mrs. Wright. Perhaps Mrs. Hale puts this best when she says I stayed away because it werent cheerfuland thats why I ought to have come (1118).They even resolve to bring Mrs. Wright her bottle of preserves as a token of their concern and understanding. Subsequently, Mrs. Hale destroys the evidence of the poor stitching on the last quilt segment. She does this because she realizes that this is actually incriminating evidence because it reflects Mrs. Wrights emotional state. Following this, b oth Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters further tamper with the evidence by hiding the dead bird. When the men asked what happened to the bird, Mrs. Hale lies We thinkthe cat got it (1119). Mrs. Peters could contradict Mrs.Hale. By not doing so she is also agreeing to lie and assisting Mrs. Hale in the destruction of evidence. In the final scene, both women attempt to hide the body of the bird and Mrs. Hale succeeds. They realize that the men are blind to the real motivation and nature of this crime. They are unafraid to destroy evidence which they know the men are too self-absorbed to find on their own. The play Trifles is a play about the lack of perspective men have for womens issues. At every turn, evidence for this crime is available and plain to see.The male investigators fail to see the evidence of the murder because of their disrespect of things that are important to women. In addition, by being so dismissive and callous, they turn the two women who actually understand the crime again st them. In the end, they fail to see much of the evidence. The women hide the remaining evidence easily. The women truly understand the crime and are certainly not going to assist in the prosecution of a woman who they realize has been treated so poorly. Glaspell is telling us to beware seeing other peoples work, hopes, and dreams as trifles.

Assessing The Suitability Of Tolworth Farm Field Environmental Sciences Essay

mother fucker usher out be referred to as a relatively soft, loose sedimentations which can be excavated by script or tool Sutton, 1993. territorial dominion comprises of two different constituents, minerals derived from enduring stones and constitutive(a) minerals derived from workss and micro-organisms ( Michael & A Donald, 1999 ) . Contaminated nincompoop by breathing outer space of metals is an issue that requires attending because of the consequence it might do on to planetary environs and human wellness ( Abrahams, 2002 ) . Expert in the survey of diddlysquat provinces that there are differences between cracker-barrel and urban prick by measuring the sum of hint metals ( Kabata-Pendias, 2001 ) .Application of inordinate chemicals for illustration fertilisers, weedkillers or sewerage sludge from intervention works for more out devotes without sing the short or long enclosure consequence has made diddlyshit to go a limited resource particularly in towns and metropol iss for generally allotment holders. These chemicals contain important sum of hint metals which bit by bit accumulate in the bastard over clip and finally pollute the dirt rendering it useless for development ( Adriano, 2001 ) . parcelling dirts which are largely for cultivation of harvests and veggies for human ingestion requires serious attending. This is true for Marsh lane allocations in London which is extremely contaminated with heavy metals ( Jeffries & A Martin, 2009 ) .Heavy metals and organic contaminations on dirt surface can present menaces to human wellness in the close hereafter for allotment holder if redress is non put into consideration instantly ( London Development Agency, 2005 ) .It is hence necessary to measure dirt belongingss for any dirt hazard or suitability appraisal for lodging with workss, grass, bushs and trees. This is because all dirt belongingss can act upon the demeanour of hint metals every bit shortly as the heavy metals are absorbed by dirts a nd workss.1.1 flummoxThe purpose of this study is to entree the sum of metal taint and bioavai science lability/mobility of selected hint of elements at Tolworth Court Farm state of matter, for suitableness of the intended land economic consumption.1.2 AimThe aims of the study areTo study and communicate types from Tolworth tribunal farm.To find dirt PH value.To find dirt organic aff ventilate. ( SOM )To find cation counterchange capacity ( CEC )To find the entire hint metal component from dirt utilizing HNO3 and ICP-AES.To find the doable bioavailability of hint component with IM HN4NOTo find suitableness for land intent.2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1 Description of site2.2 Soil SamplingA figure of quality composite samples were gotten through the usage of satisfied random trying regularity. The equipment was exhaustively clean before continuing to each intended dry land to avoid taint from one point to another and samples were collected at the deepness of 10cm utilizing a b ridge player plumbers snake. All dirt samples collected in paper bags were labelled.2.3 Soil Preparations.Dirt samples were grinded. Prior to analysis samples were air dried at 40oC for three yearss and exhaustively through a 2mm nylon screen to take any possible works dust harsh fragment and dead foliages. The dirt pH and entire organic involvement were analysed at Kingston University Laboratory, London.2.4 Soil pH.Bullock and Gregory ( 1991 ) suggested that to find dirt pH the beaver practical method could be the usage of H2O pH method. Duplicate oven dried dirt samples, unhurriedness 10g each were added with 25 milliliters of de-ionize H2O, and utilizing a pH metre which was calibrated at pH 4, 7 and 9.2.2.5 Soil organic mapping SOM For the finding of dirt organic affair, Walkley-Black method was apply ( walkley, 1947 ) 10 ml solution of K dichromate was added to three replicate of grinded dirt samples weighing 0.4 g and 20 milliliter of sulfuric stifling added to it and leftover for 30 proceedingss. Thereafter, 200 milliliter of de-ionize H2O and 10 milliliter of concentrated orthor-phosphoric acidulated was added to the dirt sample solution. Several beads of index solution Ba diphenylamine sulphonate , titration of dirt solution with 0.5M-ammonium ferric sulfate solution. Soil sample was carefully observed at the terminal point as it changes its coloring material from puritanic to green.2.6 Cation Exchange Capacity CEC Determination of CEC, was done by a suspension of 4g of dirt sample in 33ml of IM Na ethanoate solution thrice. Ethanol was used for taking of extra impregnation in the dirt solution. Sodium ion Na+ exchange index was displaced with NH4+ ion so finding was made utilizing flame emanation spectrometry for cation exchange capacity of dirt sample.2.7 Entire metal contentFor entire metal concentration, the usage of nitrous acid HNO3 for decomposition process was applied. 1.5g of dirt sample was introduced into three differen t acerb clean 100ml conical flask, and 20ml of concentrated azotic acid was added from a dispenser. After heating at 50oC for 30 min. dirt samples were allowed to cool off before reassigning into 100ml volumetric flask utilizing Whatman filter paper No. 541. At this point sample was industrious for finding of hint component by inductively coupled plasma atomic emanation spectroscopy ICP-AES .2.8 emf bioavailability hint componentFor this facet, IM NH4NO3 was used to measure the metal mobility in dirt sample. 1M NH4NO3 of which 50ml was added to dirty sample weighing 5g, it was agitate for 60 min. at 200 revolutions per minute. After agitating, samples were filtered utilizing whatman 41 filter paper. The infusion was used for finding of potentially bioavailability hint component by ICP-AES2.9.0 Quality Control2.9.1 Quality Assurance MeasuresThe look for lab activities of this study was closely examine to be able to detect any taint or conk out so that if any occur it could be identified and corrected. Measures were taken to do certain that all science laboratory equipment were exhaustively clean before and after each usage.2.9.2 ReproductionIn this study, three dirt samples were used throughout the same trial.2.9.3 Certified Reference Material CRM This stuff enables traceability to the International System of unit. CRM contains known dirt belongingss and mineral measures by weight ( Mackay & A Kazlauskas, 2011 ) . This was provided in the University research lab and was really utile for digestion of acid in entire heavy metal extraction experiment from samples without being cognizant of how efficient the is during the digestion.2.9.4 Reagent spaceReagent spaces were besides included in the finding processes, and treated the same manner the dirt samples were treated. The consequence of the reagent spaces were subtracted from the samples to take any signifier of divergence which might hold been present in the chemicals used in the research lab work.3.0 Consequences and Discussions3.1 Soil pHSoil trialMeanStandard divergencepH5.1650.06363 instrument panel 3.1 dirt pHSoil pH of country A, B and C are reasonably bitter as shown in the above tabular array 3.1. The values are 5.12 and 5.21. The sites have merely micro differences in which country A is has the highest pH value and C has the lowest country. Crops can really resign on the investigated site this is support by Alloway ( 1990 ) the pH detail for cultivable harvests is 6.5 on mineral dirts and 5.5 on peaty dirts. Miller and Gardiner ( 1998 ) besides agreed that most agricultural workss can turn at its best in somewhat acidic dirt.Strongly acidic dirt status will increase the solubility and mobility of heavy metals that are present in the dirt, this will expose workss to put on the line as metals will be absorbed through works roots, workss finally become contaminated with high degree of heavy metals, this is true for elements like Zn, Co and Cu ( Mattina et al. , 2003 ) .Nitrification seem to be absent in acid dirts, microorganisms can non accommodate to acidic environment and finally its metabolic rate is reduced and C stop ( Alloway & A Ayres, 1993 ) . Soil sourness can be regulated by application of calcium hydrated oxide to dirty to increase the pH degree to 6.5 ( Blevins et al. , 1978 ) .3.2 Soil organic affair3.3 Cation exchange capacityIon exchange is said to be an exchange between counter-ions that balances surface charge on dirt colloids whether the dirt is organic dirt, clay dirt or mineral dirt and the ion in the dirt solution, nevertheless, cation exchange capacity is the termination to which dirt components can move as cation money changer ( Alloway & A Ayres, 1993 ) .

Galapagos Island Essay

Galapagos island is located at the Pacific Ocean dod along the equator which is about 1,000 km from the sea-coast of South America. It is composed of 13 main islands, 6 small islands and 107 islets and rocks. A province of Ecuador, Galapagos islands metropolis is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno which is mostly inhabited by an estimated 18,000 plenty. Some of the islands were formerly active volcanoes but some be sedate active (Galapagos saving Trust, 2008, look Galapagos). Biodiversity in Galapagos Island Galapagos Islands seclusion and controlled population directd to its rich and extensive biodiversity.Because of these factors, the mistreat of evolutionary changes tolerate accelerated that resulted to diversification and the formation of new species called speciation. The geographical isolation of the island wherein the archipelago is isolated from the continent, the islands from all(prenominal) other by polar distances, and the habitat types by their climatic differences, a ided in the promotion of different evolutionary tracks resulting to varying terrain, vegetation, animal and lay bread and butter between every islands (Charles Darwin Foundation, 2006, Galapagos play Ecosystems).Vegetation in Galapagos is influenced by land habitat and climate but is strongly zoned by altitude. There are four vegetations zones in Galapagos namely Littoral regulate which is touch on by the salt spray alongside the coast Dry Zone has the biggest scope in the island Transition Zone is a vegetation of woodland and Humidi Zone is characterized by highland grasslands and Miconia scrub (Charles Darwin Foundation, 2006, Galapagos Land Ecosystems). A variety of animal and plant action besides forms the abundant biodiversity of Galapagos.There are numerous animals living in the island, in which most of them roam freely because of the absence of predators. Reptiles, terrestrial mammals, birds and fishes are all endemic creatures and consider Galapagos as their home ( Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, Explore Galapagos). One of the famous specie in this island is a giant pre-historic tortoise called Lonesome George. Galapagos tortoises are part of the species genus Geochelone elephantopus. These animals corroborate undergone fourteen forms depending on their location at the Galapagos.But bad news for Lonesome George, if experts bevel produce or obtain a mate for him soon, his species will become extinct. In addition, a blanket(a) array of animals have gained popularity within and outside the islands including the marine turtle, marine and land iguanas, lava lizards and others (Galapaguide, Galapagos Animals). in the meantime, plant life is overly as diverse and one of a kind as the animal life. There are many theories on how vegetation firsted in Galapagos.One possible scenario is when spores and seeds were transported by the wind or through the feet, plummold age and digestive system of migratory birds or probably because of the force o f the marine current (Galapagos Voyage, Galapagos Island Animal, Flora & Fauna). Depending on the vegetation, various species of plants, flowers and trees are present in every island. Some can only be completely found in Galapagos such as passion flower, tomato, guava and cotton. Numerous plant species have changed into an concoction of endemic species which scientists explained as adaptive radiation (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, Explore Galapagos).All of these species though diverse have a symbiotic relationship with each other. Galapagos rare but exquisite ecosystem had produced a lavish and plenteous marine, aquatic, terrestrial, avian and flora and fauna life all over the islands. Furthermore, the distinctiveness and the detachment of the islands from the hustle and bicker of civilization gave Galapagos a unique feature that it can clearly claim for its own. No other place in the world comes close to world as diverse and extraordinary as the Galapagos islands.Conserv ation and rescue of Galapagos Island Galapagos Island is one of the best kept secrets of the world. Its captivating beauty and enigmatic charm have lured numerous people ranging from tourists, scientists, fishermen and others. Because of this, the Galapagos have been put on the list of sites that are in risk of infection by the World Heritage. The influx of humans in the islands have caused a domino arrange that have immensely affected the plant and animal life and the whole ecosystem as well (People & the Planet, 2007, Galapagos Islands put on danger list).The bionomic degradation is caused by the development trends that are in contrasts with the conservation efforts in the islands. Three main factors that affected Galapagos ecology were the growth in human population, increase of transportation from the main island to Galapagos and the intensified fishing (Bensted-Smith, 1999, A Biodiversity Vision for the Galapagos Islands) . The accelerating cycle of economic and population g rowth pushed by external markets have elevated the danger to local biodiversity.The increase in demand for tourism and marine resources have caused the emergence of invasive species, similarly much harvesting of marine life, and pollution. As a consequence, the islands have suffered from social, economical and political stresses due to the amplified entrust to use Galapagos natural wealth and public services. This was manifested because of tourism mismanagement in the islands. Tourism brought economic growth, however, Galapagos being a fragile ecosystem, was not able to adapt to the changes causing major damages in the biodiversity (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, Explore Galapagos).Human intrusion to the delicate biodiversity of Galapagos is very much evident in the modern age but civil groups and the government are drafting efforts to reassure that most or all of forms of life in the islands are conserved and preserved. The presence of marine reserves and the Galapagos nati onal park are the sign fuck offs to protect the endemic species and the pristine environment (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, Issues in Galapagos).More so, the Ecuadorian government have set up significant initiatives the following 1) migration to the islands was regulated 2) quarantine inspection system was installed 3) public bullion for ecoparks were increased and 4) additional monetary support were yielded for conservation projects (Bensted-Smith, 1999, A Biodiversity Vision for the Galapagos Islands). To further the enterprise for saving and conservation, there should be numerous researches to be conducted regarding social and biological sciences to help intensify the information drive on Galapagos biodiversity.Through this, environmental awareness will be increase thus reducing the conjecture of disruption of the ecosystem. Also, there should be local and national agencies that would consolidate all conservation forces in the islands and ensure its effective managemen t . Another solution would be putting up sustainable and equitable businesses to cultivate sure that humans dont abuse the natural resources and Galapagos ecology (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, Explore Galapagos).Meanwhile collective efforts are very powerful in conserving and preserving, however as an individual, you can also contribute by donating to institutions that help foster the growth of Galapagos biodiversity. Also, in todays technological era, you could use the net income to raise awareness about the environmental problems plaguing Galapagos to awaken the senses of millions and millions of people all over the world. Another persona for the advancement of conservation and preservation is by joining organizations whose objectives are to save the animal and plant life of Galapagos.Galapagos island is indeed a place where all living species exist in peace but the unceasing threat of human intervention can increase the possibility of Galapagos having a tragic death. I f things will not be controlled and modulated, this pristine archipelago will soon be extinct. The existence of endemic plants and centuries old animals in Galapagos are the most crucial elements that cant be replaced and renewed once they have been exterminated.These environmental gems are the key to future development of other living organisms. Without them, things will not be the same and we would be depriving future generations the chance to experience and study these unique and bountiful ecosystem. So to prevent this from happening, we must start within ourselves by promoting and practicing preservation and conservation of our natural resources and this will have a chain effect wherein every living being would experience existing in a sustainable environment.ReferencesCharles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. (2006). Galapagos Land Ecosystems. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http//www. darwinfoundation. org/en/galapagos/land Bensted-Smith, R. (Ed). 2002. A biodiversit y vision for the Galapagos Islands. CDF Galapagos. Galapaguide. Galapagos Animals. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http//www. galapaguide. com/islas_galapagos_fauna. htm Galapagos Conservation Trust. (2008). Explore Galapagos. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http//www.gct. org/intro. hypertext markup language Galapagos Conservation Trust. (2008). Issues in Galapagos. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http//www. gct. org/issues. html Galapagos Voyage. Galapagos Island Animal, Flora & Fauna. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http//www. galapagosvoyage. com/page_content. asp? id_page=149 People & the Planet. (2007, July 07). Galapagos Islands put on danger list. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http//peopleandplanet. net/doc. php? id=3061

Understanding AIDS and the Concept of Collective Effort (AIDS: A Bird’s Eye View)

Over the days, support has been maven of the most prevalent health problems worldwide. Various efforts by different organizations is being undertaken in order to uplift the diseases continuous spread. However, given the complex nature of AIDS the whole world is left with more serious problems, which if not given proper attention and care may aggravate pass on the safety of the people.For the purpose of this paper, the author aims to discuss the nature of AIDS as a disease. Likewise, it is also the heading of the author to illustrate how the disease understudy can become a serious threat to an several(prenominal)s health as well as discuss how the position of AIDS can be prevented if not minimized.What is AIDS?According to various lexicons, AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a health problem ca aimd by a virus commonly known as human immunodeficiency virus or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (NIAD, 2005). AIDS is actually considered a result of sev ere HIV contagion. Hence, other references regard AIDS as the allege stage of HIV infection (NIAD, 2005).How does an one-on-one acquire AIDS?AIDS and or HIV infection may be acquired by an individual in a number ways. Below are or so examples of how AIDS or HIV is transmitted from one individual to another1. Blood Transfusion during those years when techniques to easily detect HIV in the blood of a donor is not yet known, the liquidator of the blood donor easily acquires HIV infection due to the transfer of infected blood.2. Contaminated needles, syringes, etc.- the use or sharing of medical instruments such as needles and syringes that have been used to extract blood from an individual with HIV infection also contributes to the spread of the disease.3. Sexual Intercourse engaging in unprotected get off can also cause an individual to acquire HIV infection or AIDS. HIV penetrates the line the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or the mouth.4. Breast Feeding- Mothers who has the infection can easily transmit the virus to its new born my means of breast feeding.Once HIV enters the body of an individual, it directly attacks the immune system of the human body. The AIDS- causing virus, once it enters the human body, disguises itself as an antibody- producing cell.It continues to attack the immune system until such time that the body can no lifelong produce an antibody to counter the disguised cells. This is made possible by the failure of the immune system to select an antibody from the virus.Thus causing an HIV infected person to progressively weaken. Some of the symptoms exhibited by a person with HIV infections and or AIDS are as follows (Lecture Notes in health Science IV)a. Feverb. Headachec. Lack of energyd. Enlarged lymph nodese. lading Lossf. Short-term memory LossAddressing AIDS is a Collective EffortTaking into account the nature of HIV and the numerous ways it can be acquired by an individual, it cannot be gainsaid that the only way to preven t if not minimize the occurrence of AIDS-related cases is by means of refraining oneself from engaging in risky activities such as unprotected sex and by always observing proper personal hygiene.Addressing the spread of AIDS is actually a collective effort. It is needed and imperative for each and every individual to become extra careful with things so as not to further aggravate the continuous spread of AIDS especially that there is no vaccine lendable in the market yet to readily curtail the spread of this pandemic disease.ReferencesJASMS-PWU. Lecture Notes in Health Science IV (1993).National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. HIV Infection and AIDS. Retrieved February 19, 2007 from the NIAID Website http//niaid.nih.gov.

Selecting Teaching As A Career Education Essay

This cover tries to strike as out the long and go around term determiners of choosing receiveing as a c tout ensembleing As an single conception of prosecuting t to each oneing method as a new p arntageal group clean, it s of minute for me to under get up why so galore(postnominal) select chosen this profession when the entreaty for culture searchms to be worsening. To up ensure me b gaganessed at victorious breeding as a business I interviewed 30 current teachers and 4 current pupils to acquire their positions of learn as a traffic pick. A sum of 34 persons were asked Why did they pick learning as their pick of calling. The survey concludes that the redbird determiners of an person s likelihood to learn atomic number 18 their house time lag priming, the factors they attain to bed in a business concern and their perceptual gravels of argument.This paper presents the study findings on pupil instructors scope of grounds for taking breeding as acalling a nd discusses those differences surrounded by cohorts of different programmes.The general intent of this survey is to bring out the long and short term factors that motivate sincere deal to travel into learning and to a greater extent specifically simple school issue as a calling. As we all know instruction as a womb-to-tomb procedure that must wee-wee a nisus force behind it. education is a manner of determining the immature heads of directly for tomorrow. It s a am crookious undertaking however in that location ar some who chose to do that challenge a calling. Obvious grounds why many a(prenominal) put to reckon this calling chose includes summers off, national vacations off, and 2 hebdomads off during Christmas and New Year season. Those inducements of defying yearss away gibems observation however could you be happy as instructor because you would wad through nil.Some consequences of surveies agree that the motives for prosecuting a calling in learning scope f rom selfless to extrinsic ( Kreci & A Grmek, 2005 Stuart, 2000 Yong, 1995 ) . Furthermore, those who are committed to learning are more presumable to be motivated by intrinsic wagess. On the contrary, those who strike never earnestly considered instruction are more likely to be motivated by extrinsic wagess. The overall intent of the survey is to bring out the long and short term determiners or factors that motivate tribe to travel into learning and more specifically simple school instruction as a calling. minus perceptual understands of material benefits much(prenominal) as instructors wage and sea captain position are non likely to circumstances off those who are committed to learning, barely they are possible hindrances to those who provoke no disposition to learn ( See, 2004 ) . What motivates single to travel into instruction is unfeignedly important. Motivation is a critical force that drives adept s behavior toward originating and transporting out the undertaki ngs ( Recto, 2005 ) that go with the instructor instruction plan. Thus, intelligence the grounds why raft immortalise the instruction profession and what performs them remain or go forth is indispensable, peculiarly, if success in keeping a s circuit card instruction force ( Soh, 1998 ) that contri exactlyes to teacher instruction quality and excellence is almost coveted. Such understanding can wearedly bring forth valuable penetrations into contextual, behavioural, and structural dimensions of learning. The contextual dimension refers to the instructor instruction environs and surroundings. The behavioural dimension consists of the motives and attitudinal temperaments of pupils and different stake fillers in respects to teacher instruction. The structural dimension refers to policy implement and options, both at the macro andmicro degrees, which govern the overall operation of instructor instructionestablishments in the state.A questionnaire base upon grounds collected v ia preliminary focal point group and e-mail interviews from tonss of co- field of studyers in Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. Founded by seven school instructors in 1922 and today with over 80,000 members worldwide approximently 78 % of the company are in learning. My paper testament as well place the cardinal social and economic determiners of whether to be a instructor or non. So I poised the interrogation am in instruction because, I know provided what i want to state , Is rich person nt considered learning like this in front. where do i get down? most of all the hereafter ( intending the kid of today because I was one in that rationalise ) motivates me to learn and the chances and restraints under which I learn or learned and other learn. on that point is more but because Is have to lesson program for tomorrow categories. thanks i turn of events up stakes acquire to you for moreDo the claws and yourself a favour and acquire a different jobWhen I was immature, I ev er knew that I wanted to go a teacher someday. When I played, I would frequently garner my dolls together and feign to learn them how to make math jobs or how to read a book. As I grew older, my commit to go an ESL instructor became clearer as I did some voluntary learning abroad and in the United States. As I look back on my grounds for going a instructor, in that location are terzetto grounds that stand out. They are my love for the English linguistic communication, my unconditioned involvement in how people learn, and my desire to assist other people.Burnout is carry outd by 1000s of instructors across America each yr. It is characterized by a loss of energy, extravagance for the occupation and a feeling of weakness to alter the state of affairs. It causes high turnover rates and may present a menace to the educational system.Estimates indicate that up to 50 per centum of all new instructors reach the instruction profession within 5 old ages. For some this is simply a pe rsonal penchant, but for many it is straight related to teacher burnout. Young instructors enter the educational field with a desire to do a difference in the lives of kids, but shortly discover the tremendous load of slant intoing province and federal authorizations is closely impossible to accomplish with the special resources available to the instructor and pupils.EffectssAmerican schools are expected to see a terrible instructor deficit by the twelvemonth 2010, when the peck of today s veteran instructors will make retirement age. These instructors have stuck to the their committedness to learning despite the of all time increasing demands and outlooks of instructors. Without younger instructors who are willing and able to battle instructor burnout the state will confront a disruptive period of instructor turnover and kids will endure from the combination of inexperient instructors and instructors who are actively seeking a alteration in calling as a consequence of the rapi d burnout rate.TypesTeacher burnout consequences from a broad assortment of grounds. The work of a instructor seldom stops at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. The outlook to take place work and to pass eventides and weekends rectifying and measuring pupil work, fixation lessons, and gathering resources for the schoolroom takes its toll. The deficiency of resources and pecuniary support provided to schools frequently consequences in a deficiency of schoolroom stuff, unequal text editions and by and large inferior working conditions. State and federal authorizations for pupil doing and strict province proving require an progressively broad comprehensiveness and deepness of cognition across receptive countries. Administrators, frequently sing burnout themselves, struggle to run into the altering demands of instructors and are limited by resources and fundss.MisconceptionsThe general normal frequently is non cognizant of the tremendous force per unit area a instructor experi ences and is speedy to whack occupation public presentation based of a impression of what it thinks instructors should make. There is a perceptual experience that instructors enjoy an easy life with multiple holidaies and a short work twenty-four hours. In many countries, instructors are perceived as over paid. A deficiency of regard permeates the community as it fails to fight down to the demand of instructors. Many mistakenly assume that instructor burnout is caused by a deficiency of subject in the schoolroom and fail to acknowledge that the bulk of instructors who suffer from burnout would name pupils as the last point on a list of lending factors.Prevention/SolutionAttempts towards bar of instructor burnout need to concentrate on tot uping the pecuniary resources to schools and supply equal support for new instructors. Supplying aid in too large schoolrooms and entree to a broad scope of intercession techniques, and the resources to implement them, will make shared occupat ion for pupil accomplishment and relieve the force per unit area and isolation instructors experience. Increased public soul of the troubles instructors face, solid parental engagement plans, and a lessening in immaterial responsibilities like coach and suspension responsibilities will liberate instructors to concentrate their clip and energy on their primary end instruction. Supplying clip for teacher coaction and planning within the construction of the school twenty-four hours will let instructors to work together to be after and implement the best possible plan for kids.Determinants of learning as a callingBeng Huat See1University of York, electronic mail Sg25 york.ac.ukPaper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, University of Manchester, 16-18 September 2004AbstractionThis paper tries to bring out the long and short term determiners of choosing learning as a calling. A questionnaire based upon grounds collected via preliminary focal poin t group and e-mail interviews was employed to place the cardinal societal and economic determiners of the person s pick whether to be a instructor or non. A sum of 1,845 pupils and trainees from four third establishments in South-west England and Wales were relate. The survey differs from much research in this area by including an expressed comparing between pupils meaning to be instructors and those meaning to prosecute other callings. logistical arrested exploitation analysis was used to analyze the information collected. The survey concludes that the cardinal determiners of an person s likeliness to learn are their household background, the factors they valued in a occupation and their perceptual experiences of learning. Financial inducements, although well-grounded in acquiring those already interested in learning to take up preparation, are limited in their impact. Those who are committed to learning are more likely to be motivated by intrinsic wagess. Those who have neer earnestly considered instruction, on the other manus, are more likely to be motivated by extrinsic wagess, and to describe a negative experience of school. Negative perceptual experience of instructors wage and their occupation position are non likely to wad off those who are committed to learning but is a possible hindrance to those who have no disposition to learn.Fiscal inducements to develop hold small influence on those already committed to other callings. In the long tally policies could see the personal features of persons. For illustration, promotion runs to get in new instructors could foreground the extrinsic set of learning. Presently they constantly cozy up just now the intrinsic entreaty of the occupation. To be maximally rough-and-ready such runs should besides foreground those factors which people really consider of import in their calling pick. This survey reminds us that simply presenting pecuniary inducements to enroll instructors is non plenty. Individual closings to learn depend, to a big extent, on the values attached to a occupation and perceptual experiences of instruction.IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to place of import determiners of going a instructor. It examines the influence of demographic background, the values people attached to a occupation and their perceptual experiences of learning on their calling pick. Of involvement is the impact of financial inducements for initial instructor preparation enlisting on people s pick of learning as a calling. The survey involved undergraduates, both teacher trainees and others, and graduate students, both teacher trainees and those on other professional preparation paths, in South-west England and Wales.Many current policies to increase teacher supply have assumed that teacher Numberss can be increased by pecuniary inducements, such as unwrap wage and other financial inducements to recruitment. piece these may be effectual in the short term, there is grounds that ever y bit many as 40 % who enter developing do non go on to learning anyhow ( STRB, 1999 ) . Furthermore, these steps are mostly based on a comprehensive human capital theory of motive, which does non adequately explicate the under-representation of work forces and people from certain societal grade and heathen groups in learning. Evidence from old surveies suggests that peoples pick of calling is, to a big extent, influenced by their socio-economic and cultural background and by a comparatively lasting position of what is appropriate for them ( Gorard and Rees, 2002 ) . These societal determiners differ from economic and practical factors in be agelong term and, hence, less conformable to a short-run handy hole. They have so far non been explored in old surveies on instructor deficits. For these grounds, this survey examines the influence of social-economic background, as determined by parents businesss and educational makings, sex, ethnicity and type of school attended, eac h of which might be regarded as pliant of their values and norms. Geographical mobility and whether persons had close household members and friends who are/were instructors were besides considered, as was the extent to which current monetary incentives in instructor preparation had an impact on instructor trainees design to travel into instruction.Besides these societal determiners, an person s determination to travel into learning or non is besides believed to be influenced by what they value in a occupation and their perceptual experiences of instruction ( Kyriacou et al. , 2002 ) . If we are able to place those factors which persons consider of import in their pick of calling, and highlight the factors in learning which lucifer these, so we might trust to carry better qualified pupils to see learning. As Johnson and Birkeland ( 2003 ) noted, it is indispensable to understand people s concerns and solvents, otherwise policymakers and practicians will go on to present what the y believe to be promising enlisting and keeping schemes with no literal consequence.To pull and retain new instructors, a comprehensive scheme that addresses the full scope of new instructors concerns is required. In this manner, under-represented groups such as work forces, cultural minority groups and those in shortage topics can be effectively targeted. This involves a consideration of the calling picks do by prospective and possible instructors, every bit good as by those who have rejected the possibility of learning. The positions of the latter are cardinal in travel as a restorative to the bulk of relevant research in this country based only when on consideration of instructors and possible instructors for illustration, Reid and Caudwell ( 1997 ) , Bloomfield and Selinger ( 1994 ) , Fraser et Al. ( 1998 ) , Smithers ( 1990 ) , Lock ( 1993 ) , Newson ( 1993 ) and Heafford and Jennison ( 1998 ) . More recent surveies on instructor supply by Robinson and Smithers ( 1998 ) and Howson ( 1999 ) were concerned with pupil instructors grounds for non taking up learning stations. These surveies focused on the motives of those who had antecedently made the determination to go school instructors. Few surveies have investigated persons grounds for non taking learning as a calling in the first topographic point. Even fewer surveies looked into barriers to come ining instruction ( e.g. Wellington, 1982 Smithers and hillock, 1989 Finch, 1986 ) . The positions of undergraduates who have that to take up teacher preparation and who might be attracted by the inducements are normally non sought-after(a) in UK educational research. This could easy give a really deceptive feeling about why persons do non go instructors. In general, the bulk of the educational engagement literature is based, for really matter-of-fact grounds, on surveies of bing participants, frequently in the same establishment as the research worker. This can give deceptive consequences about the causes of non-participation ( Gorard and Rees 2002 ) . Non-participants in any educational enterprise are, ironically, besides routinely excluded from research about their non-participation.MethodThe survey involved 1,845 undergraduate and graduate student pupils in four establishments in South Wales and South West England. 4 chief topic groups ( humane field of forces and humanistic disciplines, societal scientific disciplines, maths and scientific discipline and vocational ) were identified to stand for the wide scope of undergraduates. Vocational classs include jurisprudence, covering, concern surveies and athleticss and leisure direction. The overall response rate is 82 % 2. The sample was selected after a re-analysis of all available and historical statistics associating to teacher supply and keeping in England and Wales, and of the one-year UCAS nose count informations ( farther inside informations in See et al. 2004 ) .A self-administered questionnaire study was used to place the of import factors act uponing people s determinations to travel into learning. The instrument was knowing and piloted following a series of preliminary interviews ( e-mail and concentrate group ) with possible and trainee instructors. It gathered pupils ex post facto life histories, and their reported calling determinations, programs and motives, puting the latter within the context of their longer-term educational and career flight.Logistic arrested development analysis with forward stepwise entry of forecaster variables was used to predict/ rationalize the person s purpose to be a instructor or non ( dichotomous ) utilizing all background variables, factors act uponing their calling pick and their perceptual experiences to learning as likely forecasters. The theoretical account is hierarchical , come ining informative variables into the theoretical account in life order from birth ( e.g. household background ) through initial instruction ( e.g. where lived at age 16 ) to the present ( e.g. capable studied at university ) . In this manner, each footstep can merely work with the discrepancy left unexplained from old stairss. The concluding measure adds variables for consciousness of fiscal inducements and other recent policies to promote teacher enlisting.Cross-tabulation processs were besides used to show the kind between these forecaster variables and persons calling determination. Because of the big sample size ( Pallant, 2001 ) and because the population was non a random sample, a trial of significance would non be relevant here ( Gorard, 2003 ) . Therefore, the effect size was used to standardize differences between groups ( Coe, 2002 ) .FindingssThis subdivision is divided into three parts. The first specify examines the influence of demographic features on an person s determination to learn. The 2nd portion looks at the influence of calling pick factors, such as the values people attached to a occupation and their perceptual experien ces of learning. The 3rd portion analyses the influence of ITT ( initial teacher developing ) enlisting fiscal inducements on calling pick. The respondents were classified into three groups based on their responses to the inquiry on their calling determinationThose who have considered instruction and wanted to be instructors besides known as confirm instructors ( 30 % , N= 550 )Those who have earnestly considered but decided non to learn, or fringy instructors ( 34 % , N= 621 )Those who have neer realistically considered instruction and would non desire to learn, or non-teachers ( 37 % , N= 674 )Background features and determination to travel into learningThe three groups mean that the arrested development analysis is polynomial. For simpleness of presentation, I consider here merely some of the possible comparings, concentrating on the differences between confirmed instructors and others. The analysis was robust in uncovering that the background features that explain most of the di fferences between groups were an person s sex, ethnicity, academic accomplishments and parental background ( tabulate 1 ) . The coefficients in the tabular array give an indicant of how likely person is to be a instructor or non-teacher. For illustration, a male is, ceteris paribus, merely 10 % every bit likely as a young-bearing(prenominal) to be a confirmed instructor instead than a non-teacher, and those who described themselves as flannel are about twice ( 1.8 multiplication ) every bit likely as colored to be instructors than non-teachers. circumvent 1 Background features differences between instructors and othersBackground featuresCoefficientsSexual activityi Malei FemaleA0.1Ethnicityi whitenedi ColoredA1.8Mothers makingsi No makingi O-leveli A-leveli Degree and higher(prenominal),i Do nt cognize & amp no responseA1.41.20.80.8Entry makingi A-leveli A-level and vocationali feeleri UnclassifiableA1.60.80.9Degree consequencei 21 and abovei 22 and belowi Do nt cognize and no responseA2.03.9Those whose female parents have an A-level and tantamount or higher making are less likely ( 0.8 ) to go instructors than those whose female parent s makings are unknown. In general, those with less educated parents are more likely to take learning as a calling. Those with or anticipating a grade graded at 22 or below are more likely to go instructors than those with a 21 or above, and those for whom no grade consequence is known. While a grade is now about a demand for instructor position, it is by and large the least qualified of those eligible who are most likely to be instructors.Analysis by demographic features shows that pupils determination to learn or non was besides found to be related to their topic of survey at university. For illustration, societal scientific discipline pupils were dickens and a half times more likely than those making scientific discipline and maths to take learning as a calling. Vocational pupils in classs other than instruction wer e, unsurprisingly, the least likely to hold considered instruction. This determination is consistent with that of the Institute for Employment Studies, which found that those in fiscal topics, economic sciences, scientific discipline or jurisprudence had a lower leaning to come in learning ( House of Commons, 1997, Appendix 5 ) .Career pick factors and the determination to travel into learningCareers pick factors refer to those features people look for in a occupation, and their perceptual experiences of learning as a calling. These are withheld from the theoretical account above because they are a current snapshot instead than a dependable retrospective history, and because the causal theoretical account associating pick factors and revealed pick is ill-defined. The logistic arrested development analysis shows that we can predict/explain with 90 % truth who are likely to be instructors instead than non-teachers than a non-teacher once these factors are included in the theoretical a ccount.Table 2 shows the calling pick factors that explained differences between groups. The factors are listed in fall order get downing from the one which explains the most difference between confirmed instructors and non-teachers. These factors are the luck to portion cognition, occupation blessedness, aloofness of vacations and the opportunity to go on in the topic of involvement. The coefficient for chance to portion cognition agencies that those who indicate that the opportunity to portion cognition as rather of import are 3.4 times more likely to be instructors than those who did non believe it is of import. Similarly those who indicate opportunity of portion cognition as really of import are 3.42 ( 11.6 times ) more likely to be instructors than those who think it is non.Table 2 choice factor differences between instructors and othersFactors act uponing calling pickcoefficientsOpportunity to portion cognition3.4Job satisfaction3.1Length of vacations2.3Opportunity to go on involvement in ain topic2.3Job warrantor1.8Salary0.6Working conditions0.5Status of occupation0.5Promotion chances0.5Intellectual arousal.0.4Note these pick factors were rated in splendour on graduated table from 1 to 3 ( most of import )Table 2 shows that confirmed instructors differed from non-teachers in the values they attached to a occupation. While confirmed instructors were more likely to describe being motivated by intrinsic factors, such as occupation satisfaction, the desire to portion cognition and to go on involvement in their capable, non-teachers were more likely to value extrinsic factors like requital, publicity chances, occupation position, good working conditions and rational stimulation. Other factors actuating confirmed instructors included occupation security and the length of vacations. These differences suggest that fiscal inducements, if decently applied, might hold persuaded non-teachers to see learning as a calling. Of class, there is besides a dange r for those already on vocational classs of rationalizing their pick station hoc.Analysis by capable groups indicates that societal scientific discipline pupils and instructor trainees were more likely to see intrinsic factors as really of import compared to maths and scientific discipline and other vocational pupils. Females were besides more likely than males to see these factors as really of import. There was no difference between white and colored. Mathematicss and scientific discipline and vocational pupils, on the other manus, were more likely than teacher trainees and societal scientific discipline pupils to see extrinsic motives, such as occupation position and public perceptual experience of occupation and salary as really of import. This, possibly, explains why pupils from some topic groups were less likely to desire to learn. This is consistent with Smithers and Hill s ( 1989 ) survey which found that mathematics and scientific discipline pupils were less likely to see s uch intrinsic motive as of import in their calling determination. They were besides more likely to continue instruction as offering intrinsic wagess and person-oriented satisfaction than extrinsic wages. Assorted scientific discipline and humanistic disciplines pupils, on the other manus, were more likely to be people-oriented, and therefore more likely to be attracted to learning.The three of import perceptual experiences of learning that explained most of the differences between instructors and non-teachers were occupation satisfaction, instructors work load and calling chances ( Table 3 ) . Those who perceived learning as honoring were 4.5 times every bit likely as those who did non cognize or did non reply, and 4.52 ( 20 times ) every bit likely as those who disagree to be confirmed instructors. Therefore, we might reason that learning appealed to corroborate instructors because they believed that learning could offer them the values they looked for in a occupation. For illust ration, confirmed instructors were more likely to extend instruction as a honoring calling than their non-teacher reversal numbers. They tended to hold a more positive perceptual experience of learning. They were more likely to comprehend instruction as offering occupation security, good calling chances and publicity chances. They were besides more likely to hold that learning offers the rational stimulation they looked for in a occupation. There is a danger of an component of verbosity crawling into the theoretical account here. However, the same form besides appears when the theoretical account is run with merely that sub-sample who have yet to do a pick.Table 3 Percepts of learning which explain differences in calling pickFactors act uponing calling pickCoefficients didactics is honoring4.5Teachers work load is heavy3.5 command has good calling chances2.4Teaching offers greater occupation security1.6Teaching allows usage of academic cognition1.5Teachers are underpaid1.5 give out chances for publicity in learning today1.5Teaching is lifestyle pick1.4Teaching is no longer a 9-5 occupation1.3Teachers wages are comparable0.8Teaching is high position profession0.6Teaching does non offer adequate rational stimulation0.6Own experience in school gives negative perceptual experience0.4Note these pick factors were rated in degree of understanding on a graduated table from 1 to 3 ( agree )Teacher trainees and societal scientific discipline pupils were the most likely to hold a positive perceptual experience of instruction, while maths and scientific discipline and other vocational pupils were the least likely. For illustration, maths and scientific discipline and vocational pupils were more likely than teacher trainees to comprehend instruction as lacking in calling chances and publicity chances, and a dead-end occupation. Mathematicss and scientific discipline pupils were besides more likely than teacher trainees to describe that learning did non offer adequat e rational stimulation and stimulation to aspiration. In general, confirmed instructors tended to hold a positive experience of school. Those who had a negative perceptual experience of school as a consequence of their ain experience were less likely to be instructors. Teaching did non appeal to non-teachers because they were less likely to comprehend it as offering them the things they looked for in a occupation.Negative perceptual experiences, nevertheless, did non set off those who were interested in learning. Confirmed instructors were, in fact, more likely than others to hold that instructors work load was heavy and that instructors were underpaid. However, if negative perceptual experiences of learning involved affairs that were of import to persons calling determinations, these could be a barrier. For illustration, non-teachers were more likely to rate calling chances and publicity chances as really of import in their calling pick, but were less likely to believe that lear ning can offer these. A bulk of pupils agreed that instructors were underpaid and merely 35 % saw instruction as a high position occupation, but non-teachers were more likely to rate these factors as really of import in the calling pick. This suggests that negative perceptual experience of instructors wage and their occupation position might non set off those who were committed to learning but might be a hindrance to those who did non wish to learn.Fiscal inducements and the determination to learnStudents were asked about their consciousness of, and the importance of, fiscal inducements for learning when make up ones minding upon a calling. When their responses were entered into the logistic theoretical account, the truth of foretelling who were likely to be instructors and non-teachers increased from 90 % to 94 % , while that for confirmed and fringy instructors increased from 80 % to 81 % . This shows that fiscal inducements did non dramatically change single calling programs, a lthough they did do it easier for those who wanted to learn to travel into learning. As determiners of calling pick fiscal inducements were non every bit of import as the values people attached to a occupation and their perceptual experiences of learning. They did non look to hold much influence in carrying non-teachers into learning. These are people who have already made up their heads about their calling waies and would non be likely to be persuaded otherwise. Those who reported that they were most likely to be persuaded by these inducements were fringy instructors ( Table 4 ) .Table 4 Reported influence of fiscal inducementsACareer determinationsAConfirmed instructor ( n= 550 ) %Marginal instructor ( n=621 ) %Non-teacher ( n=674 ) %Offer of preparation wages787836Promise of deficit capable bursaries405424Exemption of fees757636Golden handlock trade326033The two inducements that were plausibly to act upon people s calling pick were the offer of preparation wages and the freedo m from fees ( Table 4 ) . dearth capable bursaries appeared to be the least effectual ( because they apply merely to a subset of instances ) . Deficit capable bursaries and freedom of fees besides did non look to be effectual in carrying maths and scientific discipline pupils. Mathematicss and scientific discipline pupils were the most likely to be influenced by the golden handlock trade compared to pupils in other capable groups, and least likely to be influenced by the offer of preparation grants.Male and female pupils did non look to demo any difference in their responses to these fiscal inducements. Exemption of fees appeared to be the most effectual in act uponing the calling determinations of colored pupils. These findings have ( sometimes negative ) deductions for policies to increase ITT enlisting of cultural minorities and those in shortage topics.Training grants and deficit capable bursaries were the two inducements most widely known among pupils and prove to be most in fluential in acquiring those who were interested in learning take up teacher preparation. It was effectual in force those who were already interested in learning, but non those analyzing shortage topics at university. Training wages made it easier for some to give up their occupation, but surely did non move as a carrot to those who had non considered learning. Many had applied for class entry in the beginning the strategies were announced, while others would hold bygone into developing anyhow, though much later, after they have saved up plenty. This point was clearly illustrated by PGCE pupils in the focal point group interviews.English PGCE pupilsAnnaA I umm.. I mean the thing is because I applied really early on the class truly truly truly on and I knew that I wanted to make it, and I d already taken a twelvemonth to work to seek to salvage some money up and so really it s a surprise when the preparation wages were announced.MichelleA Like me I applied before the wage was intr oduced. I am like Anna, I applied to make the class and, and was accepted on the class before the preparation wage was announced so it was a nice surprise and precisely the same I did nt wholly expect how much it likely would be to make it, and I m populating at place. I mean I m really non even paying rent but I m driving a auto everyday and you know, so the small disbursal I did nt even expect before.NinaA I think because I sort of applied late on and I had nt truly thought about developing wage did nt truly you know have nt been maintaining up with that so I was nt certain, but I guess I merely knew that because it s what I truly wanted to make that I would hold the support of my parents I guess so I knew that I d be able to fight through this with my parents. Just being in that lucky state of affairs and you knowaHannahI had the promise of that support from my Dendranthema grandifloruom and pa every bit good which, which because I did nt cognize when I was traveling to acquire this preparation wage because I live in the Isle of Man and they have different regulations and everything, but I was merely so alleviated when I didaJemmaA I would hold merely done it a batch subsequently. I would hold done it like 10 old ages down the line if they have nt offered the wage.NicolaA I would hold done it subsequently every bit good ( Jemma, and Edward would hold done it subsequently every bit good )APGCE history pupilsAADentI conjecture the inquiry to inquire about our motive is which of us was motivated by the 6,000 grant. I personally was nt.AntonyI was nt because I applied before.DentIn retrospect, the same I did nt gain when I applied because I want to learn, but now cognizing how much it costa .TomLapp hereAndyI applied before. It did nt pull me, I merely come in beforeaQueen cityI likely would possibly hold waited for two or three old ages until my kids are older and I would nt necessitate to pay child care.APGCE maths pupils besides applied before the policy c ame into topographic point and for some it did do it easier for them take up preparation.AMarnieI applied before.TobySo do I. ( There was general understanding pupils drooping their caputs )FranI was traveling to use about 3 or 4 old ages ago. I really got the application signifier, decided where I was traveling to use to and I was gaining about 14,000 lbs at that clip, non a bulky sum of money but so the grant that I would hold got for making the PGCE was 1,000 lbs and I thought that was stupid I m traveling to run into so much debt, what s the point, you know, I ll set it off and I ll seek something else, so I tried another twosome of occupations umm, and so when I decided that I was traveling to reapply decidedly at the clip they said you d acquire two and a half thousand lbs and so when they say you ll acquire 6 thousand lbs it all coincided with me using, I said great truly good, truly good.InterviewerSo you ve already made the determination even before these policies came i nto being, but that policy did assist you.Fran and CatherineOh yeah.Lack of promotion sing these inducements seemed to be an issue. Some remarks made by pupils in their questionnaire returns with respects to these inducements includedThroughout my degree class, no one really came to carry us to travel into instruction.3rd twelvemonth faithfulness pupilI am interested in learning but non certain how to acquire into it, whether my jurisprudence grade is adequate, and what sort of makings I would necessitate. 3rd twelvemonth Law pupilThere should be more promotion if the inducements were to be effectual. Many of us have non comprehend of these inducements at all. We are non cognizant of their being.2nd twelvemonth Language & A Communication pupilI have considered instruction in the secondary sector but still undecided whether to travel into learning or non. The ground for my indecisiveness is the deficiency of information available. I do nt hold any touch modality of what to make.2 nd twelvemonth Accountancy pupilHad no information about instruction, instead acquire a occupation.Have non been given any information sing being instructor.DecisionThis survey reminds us that simply presenting fiscal inducements to enroll instructors is non plenty. Individual determinations to learn depend, to a big extent, on the values attached to a occupation and perceptual experiences of learning. My findings reveal that there are cardinal differences between non-teachers and confirmed instructors as to what they look for in a occupation and in their perceptual experiences of learning. This survey and that of Smithers and Hill ( 1989 ) revealed that those who had non considered learning were more likely to comprehend it as offering intrinsic wagess and person-oriented satisfaction but were more likely to be motivated by extrinsic wagess. On the other manus, those who go into learning were non likely to remain on unless their experiences with pupils and the school, in general, a re honoring. Clear lessons emerge, non merely for policymakers, but besides principals and school decision makers. Teaching must be seen as an attractive and financially rewarding calling. At present, policy is excessively much focused on instructor preparation and the inducements and barriers to that, and the move from developing to post. If these consequences are to be believed, so work to heighten the position and professional prestigiousness of instructors in ulterior calling will be merely as of import, long-run, in pulling high-quality pupils to the profession.