Can a National Sales Tax Replace Income Taxes in the U.S.

Tax time is never a pleasant experience for any American. Collectively, millions and millions of hours are spent filling out forms and trying to decipher arcane instructions and tax regulations. By filling out these forms and perhaps even sending an additional check to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), we become painfully aware of how much money we actually put into federal coffers each year. This heightened awareness generally causes a flood of proposals on how to improve the way governments collect funds. The Fair Tax Act of 2003 was one such proposal. The Fair Tax Act of 2003 Back in 2003, a group known as Americans for Fair Taxation proposed replacing the United States income tax system with a national sales tax. Representative John Linder of Georgia even went as far as to sponsor a bill known as the the Fair Tax Act of 2003, which ended with fifty-four other co-sponsors.  The acts stated aim was to: â€Å"To promote freedom, fairness and economic opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, and enacting a national sales tax to be administered primarily by the states. A fellow About.com expert, Robert Longley, wrote an interesting summary of the Fair Tax proposal  that is worth checking out. Though the Fair Tax Act of 2003 ultimately did not pass, the questions raised by its presentation and the underlying concepts of the move from an income tax to a national sales tax still remain a highly discussed topic in the economic and political arenas. Proposal for a National Sales Tax The core idea of the Fair Tax Act of 2003, the idea to replace the income tax with a sales tax, is not a new one. Federal sales taxes are widely used in other countries around the world, and given the low tax burden compared to Canada and Europe, it is at least plausible that the federal government could obtain enough revenue from a sales tax in order to completely replace federal income taxes. The Fair Tax movement represented by the 2003 act proposed a scheme in which the Internal Revenue Code would be amended to repeal subtitle A, subtitle B, and subtitle C, or income, estate and gift, and employment taxes respectively. The proposal called for these three areas of the tax code to be revoked in favor of  a 23% national sales tax. It is not difficult to see the appeal of such a system. Since all taxes would be collected by businesses, there would be no need for private citizens to fill out tax forms. We could abolish the IRS! And most states already collect sales taxes, so a federal sales tax could be collected by the states, thus reducing administrative costs. There are a lot of apparent benefits to such a change. But in order to properly analyze such a large change to the American tax system, there are three questions we must ask : What impact will the change have on consumer spending and the economy?Who wins and who loses under a national sales tax?Is such a scheme even feasible? We will examine each question over the next four sections. One of the largest effects a move  to a national sales tax system would have is to change peoples working and  consumption behavior. People respond to incentives, and tax policies change the incentives people have to work and to consume. It is unclear if replacing an income tax with a sales tax would cause consumption within the United States to rise or fall. There will be two primary and opposing forces at play: 1. The Effect on Income Because income would no longer be taxed under a national sales tax system like FairTax, the incentives to work would change. One consideration would be the impact on a workers approach to overtime hours. Many workers can choose the amount of overtime they work. Take, for example, someone who would make an extra $25 if he worked an hour of overtime. If his marginal income tax rate for that extra hour of work is 40% under our current income tax code, he would only take home $15 out of the $25 as $10 would go toward his income taxes. If income taxes are eliminated, he would get to keep the whole $25. If an hour of free time is worth $20, then he would work the extra hour under the sales tax plan, but not work it under the income tax plan. So a change to a national sales tax plan reduces the disincentives to work, and workers as a whole would likely end up working and earning more. Many economists argue that when workers earn more, theyll also spend more. So the effect on income suggests that the FairTax plan could cause consumption to increase. 2. Changes in Spending Patterns It goes without saying that people dont like paying taxes if they dont have to. If there is a large sales tax on purchasing goods, we should expect people to spend less money on those goods. This could be accomplished in several ways: Spending less and saving more. Of course, todays savings are likely to be used for tomorrows consumption, so consumers may just be delaying the inevitable. But workers may still wish to save more now as opposed to spend, as they may believe the sales tax will not last forever or they may plan on finding other ways to avoid the tax in the future.Spending money outside of the United States. Currently if consumers wish to spend their money cross-border shopping in Canada or on a vacation in the Caribbean, they have already been taxed by the Federal government on that money at the income level. Under a sales tax scheme, they can spend their earnings outside the country and not be taxed on any of it, unless they bring enough goods back into the United States. So we should expect to see more money spent on vacations and outside of the United States, and less money spent domestically within the United States.Spending in a manner that evades taxes. If there is an easy way to evade taxes, it is highly likely that a large number of people will exploit it. One way to evade a national sales tax would be to claim your spending as a business expense, even if it is a purchase for personal use. Goods which are used in production, known as intermediate goods, are generally not subject to a regular sales tax. The government could close this loophole by making the sales tax a Value Added Tax (VAT) like the Canadian Goods and Services Tax (GST). But VATs and GSTs are rather unpopular with the business community, as they raise the costs of production, so it is unlikely the U.S. would want to embark on this path. With a high sales tax rate, tax evasion will be prevalent, so this effect will cause a decrease in spending on taxed goods. Overall, it is not clear whether consumer spending would increase or decrease. But there are still conclusions we can draw on what effect this will have on different parts of the economy. We saw in the previous section that a simple analysis cannot help us determine what would happen to consumer spending were a national sales tax system like the one proposed by the FairTax movement be implemented in the United States. From that analysis, however, we can see that a change to a national sales tax is likely to influence the following macroeconomic variables: Production would likely rise as marginal income tax rates fall to zero, which induces people to work extra hours.Take home income would rise as people are not taxed on income and presumably may work extra hours.Consumer spending within the United States may or may not rise.Saving and spending abroad would likely increase, which would cause:A weakening of the U.S. dollar as Americans who want to buy foreign goods will need to exchange their U.S. dollars for foreign currency. We should expect to see the U.S. dollar become less valuable relative to other currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar.The price of investment goods such as bonds may rise as people wish to save more, so interest rates would fall.The after-tax price of consumer goods would go up due to the new sales tax. The pre-tax price of consumer goods, on the other hand, would be more likely to fall since increased productivity would cause an increase in the supply of goods. We have seen that we cannot be sure whether or not there would be an increase or decrease in demand for consumer goods purchased within the United States. The price of these consumer goods would increase, but not by the full amount caused by the tax increase.The price of goods outside of the United States (particularly in Canada) would likely increase because of this increased demand. Cities such as Windsor, Ontario should expect to see even more American visitors than they do already. It is important to note, however, that not all consumers would be affected equally by these changes. Well next look at who will lose and who will win under a national sales tax. Changes in government policy never affects everybody equally and not all consumers would be affected equally by these changes. Lets take a look at who would win under a national sales tax system and who would lose. Americans for Fair Taxation estimates that the typical American family will be over 10% better off than they currently are under the income tax system. But even if you were to share the same sentiment as Americans for Fair Taxation, it is clear that all individuals and American households are typical, so some would benefit more than others and, of course, some would benefit less. Who Might Lose Under a National Sales Tax? Seniors. People do not earn income at a steady rate during their lifetime. The bulk of most peoples earnings occurs before the age of 65. People over the age of 65 have vastly reduced incomes and typically live off the savings they earned while employed in addition to programs like Social Security. A switch to a national sales tax would, in effect, result in taxing much of that money twice. These individuals would have already paid a lifetime of income taxes and would now be living off of a mix of previously taxed and tax-deferred savings. Under a new national sales tax system, the previously taxed savings would essentially be subject to tax again when used for purchases. Unless special consideration is given to the current generation of seniors, they would end up paying a disproportionate share of taxes. The Poor. Generally under the current system, the working poor pay very little (if any) income tax. But everyone needs to consume to survive. The poor would get hit twice under suc h a scheme. While currently the poor pay very little tax, under the new system they would have to pay taxes on their consumption, so their total tax bill would rise dramatically. The poor also spend a larger proportion of their total income on consumption goods to survive, so they would ultimately pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes than wealthier individuals. The FairTax advocates realize this, so their plan includes sending each American family a rebate or pre-bate check each month to cover the necessities of life. The size of the checks would be designed such that a family right at the poverty line would not pay a cent in taxes. Of course, the higher the allowance made for the poor, the higher the tax rate everyone else will pay in order to cover federal spending.Economist William G. Gale at the Brookings Institute has determined that most low income families would still pay more taxes under a national sales tax system, stating, Under the Americans for Fair Taxation proposal, taxes would rise for households in the bottom 90 percent of the income distribution, while households in the top 1 percent would receive an average tax cut of over $75,000. Families.  The current American income tax offers all sorts of deductions for small families such as earned income credits and child care credits. Under a national sales tax system, these would disappear with the elimination of the income tax. A sales tax, other than for purposes of the rebate, would not distinguish between families and individuals. Gale states that the enactment of a broad-based, flat-rate consumption tax like the sales tax ... would hurt families with incomes less than $200,000, because of the loss of tax preferences, but would help families with income above $200,000, due to the dramatic reduction in the top tax rate. Given that the rebates in the current proposal would be given based on proximity to the poverty line, this is not surprising. IRS Employees and Income Tax Lawyers. Pa rt of the appeal of the proposal is that it will make the IRS irrelevant, which would eliminate the need for jobs in these industries, while likely not creating enough or any new opportunities for these displaced workers. Having looked at those groups who would likely lose under a national sales tax system such as the one proposed by the FairTax movement, we will now examine those who would benefit most. Who Might Win Under a National Sales Tax? People who are inclined to save. A consumption tax can be avoided by not consuming. So it makes sense that people who do not consume a lot will benefit from the plan. Gale admits that there are savings for a large portion of the population, stating that if households are classified by consumption level, a somewhat different pattern emerges. Households in the bottom two-thirds of the distribution would pay less than [they do] currently, [while] households in the top third would pay more. Still households at the very top would pay much less, again receiving a tax cut of about $75,000.People who can shop in other countries.  This group includes people who take a lot of  overseas vacations and Americans living near either the Canadian or Mexican border who can do their shopping in those countries to avoid American sales taxes.People who own businesses.  The sales tax will only be charged on goods bought by individuals, not by firms. Owning a business would give an individual an adv antage as goods could be purchased free of sales tax if they are claimed as business expenses.The wealthiest one percent.  As stated previously, this group would likely see an average tax cut of $75,000 per person. National Sales Tax Conclusions Like the flat tax proposal before it, FairTax was an interesting proposal to solve the issues of an overly complex system. While implementation of a FairTax system would have several positive (and a few negative) consequences for the economy, groups that lose under the system would certainly make their opposition known and those concerns would need to be addressed explicitly. Despite the fact that the 2003 act did not pass in Congress, the underlying concept remains an interesting idea worth discussing.

Intel Case Study Of Intel - 1280 Words

Intel Case Study In the case study of Intel, as noted by Palmer, Dunford, Akin, C. R. Barrett, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Intel was half-way through a six-year tenure. As CEO, Barrett implemented a number of changes to the organization and experienced many unforeseen environmental pressures. Barrett wanted to make a lasting impact upon the organization, as his/her processors had done, and worked hard to keep the company competitive and profitable during a time when technology companies were significantly struggling or outright failing. According to Dedrick, Gurbaxani, Kraemer, in the mid-2000, IT investment decreased due to sluggish financial growth, and the collapse of many Internet-related companies (2003). Barrett managed to†¦show more content†¦Too much organizational change, as displayed by Barrett, can create an environment of uncertainty and damage the likelihood for success. As noted by Palmer, et al., the implementation of a new culture can lead to conflict...and can be an i nfluence in failure or success (2009). Environmental Pressures In addition to the various changes Intel went through, there were also many environmental pressures such as fashion, geopolitical, market decline, hypercompetition, and reputation and credibility pressures placed upon the company. As noted above, the change in organizational culture and restructure can be considered fashion pressures, and the weak demand in the semiconductor industry can be associated with pressure of a market decline. Also, Intel had to deal with a number of geopolitical pressures such as the tragedy of September 11, 2001 and the resulting threat of war, as well as a sluggish national economy (Palmer, et al., 2009). Intel adapted by realigning its resources in an effort to capitalize the strength of its workforce in an effort to remain competitive. 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Compare Human Brain and the Computer Free Essays

Over the past years we have seen how computers are becoming more and more advance, challenging the abilities of the human brain. We have seen computers doing complex assignments like launching of a rocket or analysis from outer space. But the human brain is responsible for, thought, feelings, creativity, and other qualities that make us humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Human Brain and the Computer or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the brain has to be more complex and more complete than any computer. Besides if the brain created the computer, the computer cannot be better than the brain. There are many differences between the human brain and the computer, for example, the capacity to learn new things. Even the most advance computer can never learn like a human does. While we might be able to install new information onto a computer it can never learn new material by itself. Also computers are limited to what they â€Å"learn†, depending on the memory left or space in the hard disk not like the human brain which is constantly learning everyday. Computers can neither make judgments on what they are â€Å"learning† or disagree with the new material. They must accept into their memory what it’s being programmed onto them. Besides everything that is found in a computer is based on what the human brain has acquired though experience. Another difference between the human brain and the computer is, the creativity of the human brain. For instance humans can create art, act in plays, or write stories and songs but computers can only help us in these activities not come up with them. While computers can help us solve math problems and find answers to certain questions it can never think of new solutions until they have been programmed into them. Furthermore computers cannot create new games or produce anything they desire like humans. In fact, the human brain is the one who comes up with new ideas or theories not taught before. But in a computer, everything that is there has being taught out by the human brain. Although the computer brain and the human brain have many differences they also have a couple similarities. Both can increase their memory storage capacity. Computer memory grows by adding computer chips. Memories in the brain grow by stronger synaptic connections. Both computers and brain have repair and â€Å"backup† systems. The brain has â€Å"built-in back up systems† in some cases. If one pathway in the brain is damaged, there is often another pathway that will take over this function of the damaged pathway. Both can degrade. Computers break down and brain cells deteriorate. Like all machinery, computers break down with time. Brains also deteriorate with age, losing their functions and slowing down because of lower counts of chemicals and hormones. Both are used for storage of information, to process information and to run tasks. In terms of the functions, both are used for mathematical calculations, carrying out complex algorithms and to storing of crucial information. Counting all the similarities and differences of the brain and the computer brain, you would now see that the computer and the brain do have somethings in common, but in many more ways they are actually more different than they are similar. How to cite Compare Human Brain and the Computer, Essay examples

Redhat Cluster Suite free essay sample

RedHat Cluster Suite For creation of GFS file system . # ccs_tool create testcluster # System-config-cluster First we need to add nodes as given below . [pic] We need to add the fencing device for the as given below . [pic] Save the setup [pic] Move the configuration to the other node . # scp /etc/cluster/cluster. conf 192. 168. 1. 5:/etc/cluster/cluster. conf /etc/cluster/cluster. conf cluster conf file looks like this . [[emailprotected] ~]# cat /etc/cluster/cluster. conf [[emailprotected] ~]# Execute # CCS_tool lsnode For seeing the number nodes . [pic] # ccs_tool lsfence [pic] You are ready to proceed with starting up the following daemons on all the nodes in the cluster, once you either copied over the configs or re ran the same commands above on the other 2 nodes /etc/init. d/cman start /etc/init. d/rgmanager start You can now check the status of your cluster by running the commands below clustat cman_tool status Before we start to create the LVM2 volumes and Proceed to GFS2, we will need to enable clustering in LVM2. We will write a custom essay sample on Redhat Cluster Suite or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page lvmconf enable-cluster Now it is time to create the LVM2 Volumes pvcreate /dev/dm-6 this is show an error force them with ff option . vgcreate -c y /dev/sdb t will create clustered volume group but it will say clustered volume group isn’t supported . igmore the error . lvcreate -n testvglvm01 -L 5G testvg we need to create start the lv and start the clvmd daemon on both server . /etc/init. d/clvmd start [pic] mkfs -t -p -t ClusterName: -j # mkfs -t gfs2 -p lock_dlm -t testcluster:testpv -j 2 /dev/testvg/testvglvm01 # mount /dev/testvg/testvglvm01 /opt/testmount On both server # echo â€Å"/dev/testvg/testvglvm01 / opt/testmount gfs2 defaults,noatime,nodiratime 0 0 /etc/fstab Server Application users should have same UID which are accessing the Storage LUN.

Fundamentals to writing a good essay

Fundamentals to writing a good essay Introduction Essay writing is a major concept practiced in high schools, colleges and universities, regardless of the course that one is undertaking. Unlike creative writing, which can take any format, it is worth noting that essay writing has a method that has to be followed, especially for academic reasons. This paper explores the method of writing a good essay, with special focus on the format and main ideas that have to be considered during this type of writing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals to writing a good essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fundamentals to writing a good essay While most people know that essays usually have an introduction, body, and conclusion, less emphasis is put on balancing the three components in actual writing. Oftentimes, most experts recommend that introduction, body, and conclusion should represent 10%, 80%, and 10% respectively (Helpsheet 2). Essays, which do not adhere to this rule, are likely to score low marks, since it is considered as the basic structure of any academic essay. Secondly, the introduction of an essay depends on the research questions or the topic of research being considered. In general, the topic gives direction on how ideas are organized in the essay, and may take varied approaches. At this point, one may choose to turn the research topic into a question, as a way of introducing the essay (Langley 3). Additionally, a good essay narrows its scope to limited issues, since not everything can be covered in a single essay. In other words, it is important to state what to be covered, areas under consideration, and possible comparisons, in order to give the reader a clear picture of the content of the essay. Importantly, this method allows the writer to draw information from different disciplines, as a way of collecting enough materials to educate the reader, rather than reproducing other people’s ideas (Helpsheet 3). T his also makes the essay authentic and interesting to read, as one’s view of the topic is widened through different ideas. In this line of thought, excellent essays are neither too general nor too specific. When the method is too general, it becomes hard for one to plan in terms of how to start, the content, and the final direction of the essay. On the other hand, too specific essays may lack enough materials, thus remaining shallow and boring to the reader. For this reason, a good essay balances the scope of the research with the reader in mind. Besides having focused research questions and a plan of the essay, it is important for the writer to select a topic, which captures the entire area of study. This is to say that, the reader should be eager to know the content of the essay as depicted by the title. A good title can be in form of a question, a statement, or a combination of the two.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Notably, there has to be a direct link between the title of research and the content of the essay. Another important component of a good essay is a thesis statement, which states the position taken by the writer. This gives direction to the reader throughout the essay, as it forms the basis of all arguments presented. A thesis can also be a point of view taken by different authors on a given topic of research. Conclusion Above all, a good essay has a conclusion, which summarizes the ideas discussed, thus giving it a smooth flow that allows easy understanding. The three elements ensure the transition of ideas as the reader is able to tell the direction of the essay. Helpsheet. Essay Writing Basics. The University of Melbourne, 2010. Web. Langley, Lester. The Basics of Good Writing. SUNY Rockland Community College, 2006. Web.

Weird Naked Mole Rat Facts (Heterocephalus glaber)

Weird Naked Mole Rat Facts (Heterocephalus glaber) Every species of animal has its unique traits. However, some of the characteristics of the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) are quirky bordering on downright weird. Some people think the rats unique physiology could be studied to unlock immortality or find a way to prevent cancer. Whether or not this is true remains to be seen, but one thing is certain. The mole rat is an unusual creature. Fast Facts: Naked Mole Rat Scientific Name: Heterocephalus glaberCommon Names: Naked mole rat, sand puppy, desert mole ratBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 3-4 inchesWeight: 1.1-1.2 ouncesLifespan: 32 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: East Africa grasslandsPopulation: StableConservation Status: Least Concern Description The naked mole rat queen is larger than the other rats within a colony. Geoff Brightling / Getty Images Its easy to recognize the naked mole rat by its buck-teeth and wrinkled skin. The rats body is adapted for life underground. Its protruding teeth are used for digging and its lips seal behind its teeth, to prevent the animal from eating dirt while burrowing. While the rat isnt blind, its eyes are small, with poor visual acuity. The naked mole rats legs are short and thin, but the rat can move forward and backward with equal ease. The rats arent completely bald, but they have little hair and lack an insulating fat layer beneath the skin. The average rat is 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) in length and weighs 30 to 35 g (1.1 to 1.2 oz). Females are larger and heavier than males. Diet The rodents are herbivores, feeding primarily on large tubers. One large tuber can sustain a colony for months or years. The rats eat the interior of the tuber, but leave enough for the plant to regenerate. Naked mole rats sometimes eat their own feces, although this may be a social behavior rather than  a source of nutrition. Naked mole rats are preyed upon by snakes and raptors. The Only Cold-Blooded Mammal A naked mole rat would feel cool to the touch. Karen Tweedy-Holmes / Getty Images Human, cats, dogs, and even egg-laying platypuses are warm-blooded. As a rule, mammals are thermoregulators, able to maintain body temperature despite external conditions. The naked mole rat is the one exception to the rule. Naked mole rats are cold-blooded or thermoconformers. When a naked mole rat is too hot, it moves to a deeper, cooler part of its burrow. When its too cold, the rat either moves to a sun-warmed location or huddles with its pals. Adaptation to Oxygen Deprivation Humans cant live very long without air. Dimitri Otis / Getty Images Human brain cells start to die within 60 seconds without oxygen. Permanent brain damage typically sets in after three minutes. In contrast, naked mole rats can survive 18 minutes in an oxygen-free environment without suffering any harm. When deprived of oxygen, the rats metabolism slows and it uses anaerobic glycolysis of fructose to make lactic acid to supply its cells with energy. Naked mole rats can live in an atmosphere of 80 percent carbon dioxide and 20 percent oxygen. Humans would die from carbon dioxide poisoning under these conditions. Habitat and Distribution The rats are native to the dry grasslands of East Africa, where they live in colonies of 20 to 300 individuals. Reproduction and Social Behavior Naked mole rats and other mole rats form colonies, much like bees and ants. Kerstin Klaassen / Getty Images What do bees, ants, and mole rats have in common? All are eusocial animals. This means they live in colonies that have overlapping generations, division of labor, and cooperative brood care. As in insect colonies, naked mole rats have a caste system. A colony has one female (queen) and one to three males, while the rest of the rats are sterile workers. The queen and males begin breeding at one year of age. The hormones and ovaries of worker females are suppressed, so if the queen dies, one of them can take over for her. The queen and the males maintain a relationship for several years. Naked mole rat gestation is 70 days, producing a litter ranging from 3 to 29 pups. In the wild, naked mole rats breed once a year, providing the litter survives. In captivity, the rats produce a litter every 80 days. The queen nurses the pups for a month. After this, smaller workers feed the pups fecal pap until they are able to eat solid food. Larger workers help to maintain the nest, but also protect the colony from attacks. Unusual Aging Process Biologically, an old naked mole rat and a young one are virtually indistinguishable. R. Andrew Odum / Getty Images While mice may live up to 3 years, naked mole rats can live up to 32 years. The queen doesnt experience menopause, but remains fertile throughout her lifespan. While naked mole rat longevity is exceptional for a rodent, its unlikely the species holds the Fountain of Youth in its genetic code. Both naked mole rats and humans have DNA repair pathways not present in mice. Another reason mole rats may outlive mice is because of their lower metabolic rate. Naked mole rats are not immortal. They die from predation and illness. However, mole rat aging does not adhere to the Gompertz law describing aging  in mammals. Research into naked mole rat longevity may help scientists unravel the mystery of the aging process. Cancer and Pain Resistance Unlike the naked mole rat, naked mice and other rodents are susceptible to tumors. littlepeggy / Getty Images While naked mole rats can catch diseases and die, they are highly resistant (not entirely immune) to tumors. Scientists have proposed multiple mechanisms for the rats remarkable cancer resistance. The naked mole rat expresses the p16 gene that prevents cells from dividing once they come in contact with other cells, the rats contain extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan (HMW-HA) which may protect them, and their cells have ribosomes capable of making nearly error-free proteins. The only malignancies discovered in naked mole rats were in captive-born individuals, which lived in a much more oxygenated environment than rats in the wild. Naked mole rats neither itch nor feel pain. Their skin lacks a neurotransmitter called substance P that is needed to send pain signals to the brain. Scientists believe this might be an adaptation to living in poorly ventilated species, where high levels of carbon dioxide cause acid to build up in tissues. Further, the rats dont feel temperature-related discomfort. The lack of sensitivity may be in response to the naked mole rats extreme habitat. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the naked mole rat conservation status as least concern. Naked mole  rats are numerous within their range and are not considered to be endangered. Sources Daly, T. Joseph M.; Williams, Laura A.; Buffenstein, Rochelle. Catecholaminergic innervation of interscapular brown adipose tissue in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber). Journal of Anatomy. 190 (3): 321–326, April 1997.Maree, S. and C. Faulkes. . IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesHeterocephalus glaber. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008.ORiain, M. Justin; Faulkes, Chris G. African mole rats: eusociality, relatedness and ecological constraints. In Korb, Judith; Heinze, Jà ¶rgen. Ecology of Social Evolution. Springer. pp. 207–223, 2008.Park, Thomas J.; Lu, Ying; Jà ¼ttner, Renà ©; St. J. Smith, Ewan; Hu, Jing; Brand, Antje; Wetzel, Christiane; Milenkovic, Nevena; Erdmann, Bettina; Heppenstall, Paul A.; Laurito, Charles E.; Wilson, Steven P.; Lewin, Gary R. Selective Inflammatory Pain Insensitivity in the African Naked Mole-Rat (. PLoS Biology. 6 (1): e13, 2008.Heterocephalus glaber)Thomas J. Park; et al. Fructose-driven glycolys is supports anoxia resistance in the naked mole-rat. Science. 356 (6335): 307–311. April 21, 2017.

Implant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Implant - Essay Example A 10 year prospective clinical research study by Karoussis et al (2004) evaluated the periodontal and peri-implant conditions in a cohort of 89 edentulous patients (mean age 58.9 years) in order to assess the environmental, physiological and radiographic changes in the dental implants over a long period of time post-implantation. The rationale for this clinical research study involves the need to establish reliable data relevant to the use of dental implants in patients who have had tooth extractions. These types of data are difficult to obtain since they require long term assessments of patients who have received dental implants. These longitudinal single subject studies also require recruitment of large patient cohorts and need to address physiological and environmental factors that affect long-term success rates for dental implant procedures. The study participants were evaluated at one year and again at 10 years post implantation to evaluate the changes periodontal peri-implant c onditions in individual patients. This study also incorporated an evaluation of risk factors associated with sub-optimal patient outcome post-implantation. Patients recruited in this study had previously been treated for periodontal disease and also had received prosthetic structures such as fixed partial dentures and crowns. ITI dental implant system was used in all patients enrolled in this study. Within this cohort a total of 179 implants were assessed; the same number of control natural teeth were included as a basis of comparison. In addition, all remaining teeth were examined in these patients. Patient behavioral risk factors, particularly cigarette smoking, were also evaluated in this study. The data parameters assessed in this study included plaque index (PI) for teeth and modified plaque index (MPI) for implants, gingival index (GI) for